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基于matlab的虛擬實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)—主界面及部分模塊的設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)論文-資料下載頁(yè)

2025-06-22 01:35本頁(yè)面
  

【正文】 nd increases valve opening.In this form of Control, the valve is adjusted t0 make output c equal to input r, but not, readjusted continually to keep the two equal. Open loop control, with certain safeguards added is very mon, for example, in the context of sequence control, that is, guiding a process through a sequence of predetermined steps. However, for systems such as the one at hand, this form of control will normally not yield high performance. A difference between input and output, a system error e = rc would be expected to develop, due to two major effect:1. Disturbances acting on the system2. Parameter variation of the systemThese are prime motivations for the use of feedback control. For the example, pressure variations upstream of V can be important disturbances affecting inflow and outflow, and hence level. In a steel rolling mill, very large disturbance torques in the drive motor of the rolls when steel slabs enter or leave affect speeds. For the water Level example, a sudden or gradual change of flow resistance of the valves due to foreign matter or valve deposits represents a system parameter values are different at 20% and 100% of full power. In a valve, the relation, between pressure drop and flow rate is often nonlinear, and as a result the resistance parameter of the valve changes with flow rate. Even if all parameter variations were known precisely, it would be plex, say in the case of the level example, to schedule the valve opening to follow timevarying desired levels. ClosedLoop control or feedback ControlTo improve performance, the operator could continuously readjust the valve based on observation of the system error e。 a feedback control system in effect automates this action, as follows:The output c is measured continuously and fed back to be pared with the input r. the error e = rc is used to adjust the control valve by means of an actuator.The feedback loop causes the system to tale corrective action if output c (actual level) deviates from input r (desired level), whatever the reason. A broad class of systems can be represented by the block diagram shown in Fig. 3. The sensor in Fig. 3. measures the output c and ,depending on type, represents it by an electrical, pneumatic, or mechanical signal. The input r is represented by a signal in the same form。 the summing junction or error junction is a device that bines the inputs to it according to the signs associated with the arrows: e = rc.ControlPoweramplifierActuatorPlantorprocessSensor Input Error eOutputDisturbanceSummingjunction + Fig. 3 System block diagram It is important to recognize that if the control system is any good, the error e will usually be small, ideally zero. Therefore, it is quite inadequate to operate an actuation. A task of the controller is to amplify the error signal. The controller output, however, will still be at a low power level. That is, voltage or pressure has been raised but current or airflow are still small. The power amplifier raises power to the levels needed for the actuator.The plant or process has been taken to include the valve characteristics as well as the tank. In part this related to the identification of a disturbance d in . as an additional input to the block diagram. For the level control, d could represent supply pressure variations up stream of the control valve 英文翻譯 線性動(dòng)態(tài)模型控制系統(tǒng)的例子和分類(lèi)控制系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用類(lèi)型和復(fù)雜程度,都差不多存在著無(wú)限性。加熱系統(tǒng)和和家中的熱水器是這樣一種系統(tǒng):在這種系統(tǒng)中,需要的溫度和實(shí)際上的溫度的差別作為唯一的控制信號(hào)。如果溫度下降到設(shè)定值以下,則加熱系統(tǒng)就會(huì)被啟動(dòng),然后其會(huì)隨著溫度升高到設(shè)定的最大值以上時(shí)被再次關(guān)閉。很多種這樣的繼電器或開(kāi)關(guān)控制系統(tǒng),有時(shí)候很復(fù)雜,但是由于其相對(duì)較低的價(jià)格使它很平常。 在這種控制系統(tǒng)中,受控制的變量在最大值和最小值之間不斷的振蕩。在很多應(yīng)用中,控制并不是很平滑和準(zhǔn)確。在汽車(chē)動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)中,受控制的變量或系統(tǒng)的輸出是前輪的角度,它必須受盡可能的在更高的動(dòng)力水平上受系統(tǒng)輸入,即方向盤(pán)的控制。 在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,包括精煉廠和化工廠,有很多溫度和液位需要存在很多不同的外界干擾的情況下保持恒定的值。對(duì)于一個(gè)發(fā)電廠,受控制的電壓和頻率是系統(tǒng)的輸出,但是在這樣一個(gè)工廠也還有一些溫度、高度、壓力和其它變量需要被控制。在航空領(lǐng)域中,飛行器、導(dǎo)彈和衛(wèi)星的控制是這樣一個(gè)非常先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)??刂葡到y(tǒng)的分類(lèi): 過(guò)程控制或調(diào)節(jié)系統(tǒng):受控制的變量或系統(tǒng)輸出必須被保持在離需要的恒定值或系統(tǒng)輸入盡可能接近的水平,而不管外界是否有干擾存在。自動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng):系統(tǒng)輸出必須跟著系統(tǒng)輸入變化發(fā)生改變。汽車(chē)動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向是第二類(lèi)控制系統(tǒng)的例子,和那些飛行器配置的操控面相似。是自動(dòng)化的制造機(jī)器,如數(shù)控機(jī)床,非常廣泛的利用伺服系統(tǒng)控制位置和速度。最后一個(gè)例子是讓我們留意連續(xù)系統(tǒng)和離散系統(tǒng)的區(qū)別。后者是利用電腦控制所固有的。 按照線性和非線性控制系統(tǒng)的分類(lèi)方法應(yīng)該也被提及,分析和設(shè)計(jì)前者通常來(lái)說(shuō)都更簡(jiǎn)單,這也是我們這本書(shū)所關(guān)注的。然而,大部分系統(tǒng)在變量超過(guò)了一定的范圍就變成非線性的。線性技術(shù)的實(shí)踐意義依賴(lài)于根據(jù)這樣的假設(shè)進(jìn)行的線性化,即變量能夠停留在能夠提供一個(gè)操作點(diǎn)的位置。開(kāi)環(huán)控制和閉環(huán)控制為了介紹這個(gè)主題,首先我們來(lái)考慮這樣一個(gè)例子,在圖1中,控制系統(tǒng)用來(lái)維持實(shí)際的水槽中的水位盡可能的接近設(shè)定的需要的水位。需要的水位就被稱(chēng)為系統(tǒng)輸入,實(shí)際的水位被稱(chēng)為系統(tǒng)輸出。水可以通過(guò)水閥V0流出水槽,外界補(bǔ)充的水也可一通過(guò)控制水閥Vc流入水槽??刂扑y是可以通過(guò)手或者一些制動(dòng)器來(lái)調(diào)整。制動(dòng)器將是一個(gè)電動(dòng)馬達(dá)或水壓或氣壓缸,通常,會(huì)是一個(gè)分析氣動(dòng)薄膜制動(dòng)器。增加薄膜上的氣壓能夠?qū)⒈∧合聫亩黾铀y的開(kāi)口。在這個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)中,是通過(guò)水閥調(diào)整使輸出c和輸入r相等,而不是通過(guò)不斷的調(diào)整來(lái)保證二者相等。開(kāi)環(huán)控制,通常都加上一個(gè)安全裝置,例如,在順序控制系統(tǒng)中,引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過(guò)程通過(guò)一個(gè)預(yù)先設(shè)定好的步驟。然而,對(duì)于一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō), 就如手邊的這個(gè),這中形式的控制會(huì)比較正常不會(huì)有好的表現(xiàn)。 控制系統(tǒng)的輸入和輸出的差,即系統(tǒng)誤差e=rc會(huì)由于兩個(gè)主要的效應(yīng)會(huì)按照預(yù)期發(fā)展:系統(tǒng)的所受的干擾系統(tǒng)參數(shù)的變化這些是主要的運(yùn)用反饋控制的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī),舉例來(lái)說(shuō),V上游的壓力變化是一個(gè)重要的影響輸入、輸出和抗干擾能力。如一個(gè)軋鋼機(jī)中, 軋鋼機(jī)的電動(dòng)機(jī)在鋼板進(jìn)入或離開(kāi)時(shí)有非常大的擾動(dòng)力拒。 對(duì)于水位的例子,由于外界物質(zhì)或水閥堆積物的影響,水閥的流體阻力出現(xiàn)一個(gè)突然的或逐漸的變化,這個(gè)變化表明系統(tǒng)參數(shù)值在20%到100%之間變化。在一個(gè)水閥中,壓力下降和流速的之間通常不是線性的,因此,水閥阻力參數(shù)會(huì)隨流速變化,即使所有的參數(shù)變化能夠被精確的知道,然而在這個(gè)例子的情況下,確定水閥的開(kāi)關(guān)與時(shí)間變化的關(guān)系閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)或反饋系統(tǒng)為了改進(jìn)控制系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn),操作者可以不斷的根據(jù)觀察得的系統(tǒng)誤差e來(lái)調(diào)整水閥;一個(gè)反饋控制系統(tǒng)就是達(dá)到自動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)這一過(guò)程的效果。系統(tǒng)輸出c不斷的被測(cè)量并且反饋到輸入與輸入r進(jìn)行比較,系統(tǒng)誤差e=rc就是用來(lái)調(diào)整控制水閥。反饋環(huán)的應(yīng)用使得系統(tǒng)能夠在任何輸出c偏離輸入r的情況下進(jìn)行糾正性調(diào)整。一大類(lèi)系統(tǒng)都可以用圖3的方塊圖來(lái)表示,圖3中的檢測(cè)器來(lái)檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)輸出c并且根據(jù)不同的類(lèi)型轉(zhuǎn)換位電信號(hào),氣壓信號(hào)或機(jī)械信號(hào)。系統(tǒng)輸入r 將被表示成同一種形式的信號(hào),加法連接點(diǎn)或誤差連接點(diǎn)是一個(gè)能夠結(jié)合輸入和誤差的裝置。擾動(dòng)輸出輸入 誤差 e 加法連接點(diǎn)控制器功率 放 大 器大器執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)被控對(duì)象檢測(cè)器 圖3 系統(tǒng)方塊圖 識(shí)別一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)的好壞時(shí)非常重要的,系統(tǒng)誤差e通常都很小,理想值是零。因此,操作這個(gè)值會(huì)很不合適,控制器的任務(wù)就是放大誤差信號(hào)。然而控制器的輸出信號(hào),仍然比較小,那是因?yàn)殡妷夯驂毫Ρ环糯笠院?,但是電流和氣流還是很小。功率放大器的作用就是將功率提高到一個(gè)滿足制動(dòng)器的需要功率。 被控對(duì)象包括水閥和水槽的特征,在這個(gè)部分,會(huì)有干擾d,圖作為一個(gè)附加的輸入信號(hào)。對(duì)于水位控制,d可以代表壓力變化等 附錄二:所用函數(shù)表參數(shù)名稱(chēng)和典型調(diào)用格式功能求取傳遞函數(shù)tf(num,den)求出分子為num,分母為den的傳遞函數(shù)series(sys1,sys2)對(duì)syssys2串聯(lián)連接feedback(sys1,sys2)對(duì)syssys2反饋連接穩(wěn)定性分析中用到的繪制圖性函數(shù)pzmap(sys) [p,z]=pzmap(sys)系統(tǒng)零極點(diǎn)繪制step(
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