【正文】 manufacturers by reducing operating current, lower junction temperature devices, and other measures to reduce the stress, increased reliability greatly improved. Modular Switching Power Supply is the general trend of development, can be used modular power ponents distributed power systems, designed to N +1 redundant power systems, and parallel way to achieve the capacity expansion. Power switching operation for this big noise shortings, if the individual pursuit of its highfrequency noise will also increase with, and the use of the resonance conversion circuit technology, in theory, can achieve the highfrequency noise can be reduced, but some Resonant conversion of the practical application of technology there are still technical problems in this area is still a great deal of work to make the technology to practical electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad development prospects. China39。s switch to accelerate the pace of development of power industry, we must walk the road of technological innovation, out of production, study and research with Chinese characteristics, the joint development, for the rapid development of China39。s national economy to contribute.微機開關(guān)電源的含義開關(guān)電源是利用現(xiàn)代電力電子技術(shù)，控制開關(guān)晶體管開通和關(guān)斷的時間比率，維持穩(wěn)定輸出電壓的一種電源，開關(guān)電源一般由脈沖寬度調(diào)制（PWM）控制IC和MOSFET構(gòu)成。開關(guān)電源和線性電源相比，二者的成本都隨著輸出功率的增加而增長，但二者增長速率各異。線性電源成本在某一輸出功率點上，反而高于開關(guān)電源，這一點稱為成本反轉(zhuǎn)點。隨著電力電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展和創(chuàng)新，使得開關(guān)電源技術(shù)也在不斷地創(chuàng)新，這一成本反轉(zhuǎn)點日益向低輸出電力端移動，這為開關(guān)電源提供了廣闊的發(fā)展空間。 開關(guān)電源高頻化是其發(fā)展的方向，高頻化使開關(guān)電源小型化，并使開關(guān)電源進入更廣泛的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，特別是在高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用，推動了高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)品的小型化、輕便化。另外開關(guān)電源的發(fā)展與應(yīng)用在節(jié)約能源、節(jié)約資源及保護環(huán)境方面都具有重要的意義。開關(guān)電源的分類人們在開關(guān)電源技術(shù)領(lǐng)域是邊開發(fā)相關(guān)電力電子器件，邊開發(fā)開關(guān)變頻技術(shù)，兩者相互促進推動著開關(guān)電源每年以超過兩位數(shù)字的增長率向著輕、小、薄、低噪聲、高可靠、抗干擾的方向發(fā)展。開關(guān)電源可分為AC/DC和DC/DC兩大類，DC/DC變換器現(xiàn)已實現(xiàn)模塊化，且設(shè)計技術(shù)及生產(chǎn)工藝在國內(nèi)外均已成熟和標準化，并已得到用戶的認可，但AC/DC的模塊化，因其自身的特性使得在模塊化的進程中，遇到較為復(fù)雜的技術(shù)和工藝制造問題。以下分別對兩類開關(guān)電源的結(jié)構(gòu)和特性作以闡述。變換 DC/DC變換是將固定的直流電壓變換成可變的直流電壓，也稱為直流斬波。斬波器的工作方式有兩種，一是脈寬調(diào)制方式Ts不變，改變ton(通用)，二是頻率調(diào)制方式，ton不變，改變Ts（易產(chǎn)生干擾）。其具體的電路由以下幾類： （1）Buck電路——降壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓U0小于輸入電壓Ui，極性相同。（2）Boost電路——升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓 U0大于輸入電壓Ui，極性相同。 （3）Buck－Boost電路——降壓或升壓斬波器，其 輸出平均電壓U0大于或小于輸入電壓Ui，極性相反，電感傳輸。 （4）Cuk電路——降壓或升壓斬波器，其輸出平均電壓U0大于或小于輸入電壓Ui，極性相反，電容傳輸。當今軟開關(guān)技術(shù)使得DC/DC發(fā)生了質(zhì)的飛躍，美國VICOR公司設(shè)計制造的多種ECI軟開關(guān)DC/DC變換器，其最大輸出功率有300W、600W、800W等，相應(yīng)的功率密度為(、17)W/cm3，效率為（80～90）％。日本NemicLambda公司最新推出的一種采用軟開關(guān)技術(shù)的高頻開關(guān)電源模塊RM系列，其開關(guān)頻率為（200～300)kHz，功率密度已達到27W/cm3，采用同步整流器（MOSFET代替肖特基二極管），使整個電路效率提高到90％。AC/DC變換是將交流變換為直流，其功率流向可以是雙向的，功率流由電源流向負載的稱為“整流”，功率流由負載返回電源的稱為“有源逆變”。AC/DC變換器輸入為50/60Hz的交流電，因必須經(jīng)整流、濾波，因此體積相對較大的濾波電容器是必不可少的，同時因遇到安全標準（如UL、CCEE等）及EMC指令的限制（如IEC、FCC、CSA），交流輸入側(cè)必須加EMC濾波及使用符合安全標準的元件，這樣就限制AC/DC電源體積的小型化，另外，由于內(nèi)部的高頻、高壓、大電流開關(guān)動作，使得解決EMC電磁兼容問題難度加大，也就對內(nèi)部高密度安裝電路設(shè)計提出了很高的要求，由于同樣的原因，高電壓、大電流開關(guān)使得電源工作損耗增大，限制了AC/DC變換器模塊化的進程，因此必須采用電源系統(tǒng)優(yōu)化設(shè)計方法才能使其工作效率達到一定的滿意程度。AC/DC變換按電路的接線方式可分為，半波電路、全波電路。按電源相數(shù)可分為，單相、三相、多相。按電路工作象限又可分為一象限、二象限、三象限、四象限。開關(guān)電源的選用開關(guān)電源在輸入抗干擾性能上，由于其自身電路結(jié)構(gòu)的特點（多級串聯(lián)），一般的輸入干擾如浪涌電壓很難通過，在輸出電壓穩(wěn)定度這一技術(shù)指標上與線性電源相比具有較大的優(yōu)勢，其輸出電壓穩(wěn)定度可達(～1）％。開關(guān)電源模塊作為一種電力電子集成器件，在選用中應(yīng)注意以下幾點：因開關(guān)電源工作效率高，一般可達到80％以上，故在其輸出電流的選擇上，應(yīng)準確測量或計算用電設(shè)備的最大吸收電流，以使被選用的開關(guān)電源具有高的性能價格比，通常輸出計算公式為： Is=KIf式中：Is—開關(guān)電源的額定輸出電流； If—用電設(shè)備的最大吸收電流； K—裕量系數(shù)，～； 開關(guān)電源比線性電源會產(chǎn)生更多的干擾，對共模干擾敏感的用電設(shè)備，應(yīng)采取接地和屏蔽措施，按ICE1000、EN61000、FCC等EMC限制，開關(guān)電源均采取EMC電磁兼容措施，因此開關(guān)電源一般應(yīng)帶有EMC電磁兼容濾波器。如利德華福技術(shù)的HA系列開關(guān)電源，將其FG端子接大地或接用戶機殼，方能滿足上述電磁兼容的要求。、過熱、短路等保護功能，故在設(shè)計時應(yīng)首選保護功能齊備的開關(guān)電源模塊，并且其保護電路的技術(shù)參數(shù)應(yīng)與用電設(shè)備的工作特性相匹配，以避免損壞用電設(shè)備或開關(guān)電源。開關(guān)電源技術(shù)的發(fā)展動向開關(guān)電源的發(fā)展方向是高頻、高可靠、低耗、低噪聲、抗干擾和模塊化。由于開關(guān)電源輕、小、薄的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是高頻化，因此國外各大開關(guān)電源制造商都致力于同步開發(fā)新型高智能化的元器件，特別是改善二次整流器件的損耗，并在功率鐵氧體（MnZn)材料上加大科技創(chuàng)新，以提高在高頻率和較大磁通密度（Bs)下獲得高的磁性能，而電容器的小型化也是一項關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。SMT技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使得開關(guān)電源取得了長足的進展，在電路板兩面布置元器件，以確保開關(guān)電源的輕、小、薄。開關(guān)電源的高頻化就必然對傳統(tǒng)的PWM開關(guān)技術(shù)進行創(chuàng)新，實現(xiàn)ZVS、ZCS的軟開關(guān)技術(shù)已成為開關(guān)電源的主流技術(shù)，并大幅提高了開關(guān)電源的工作效率。對于高可靠性指標，美國的開關(guān)電源生產(chǎn)商通過降低運行電流，降低結(jié)溫等措施以減少器件的應(yīng)力，使得產(chǎn)品的可靠性大大提高。模塊化是開關(guān)電源發(fā)展的總體趨勢，可以采用模塊化電源組成分布式電源系統(tǒng)，可以設(shè)計成N＋1冗余電源系統(tǒng)，并實現(xiàn)并聯(lián)方式的容量擴展。針對開關(guān)電源運行噪聲大這一缺點，若單獨追求高頻化其噪聲也必將隨著增大，而采用部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換電路技術(shù)，在理論上即可實現(xiàn)高頻化又可降低噪聲，但部分諧振轉(zhuǎn)換技術(shù)的實際應(yīng)用仍存在著技術(shù)問題，故仍需在這一領(lǐng)域開展大量的工作，以使得該項技術(shù)得以實用化。電力電子技術(shù)的不斷創(chuàng)新，使開關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)有著廣闊的發(fā)展前景。要加快我國開關(guān)電源產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展速度，就必須走技術(shù)創(chuàng)新之路，走出有中國特色的產(chǎn)學(xué)研聯(lián)合發(fā)展之路，為我國國民經(jīng)濟的高速發(fā)展做出貢獻。g an employment tribunal claiEmployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you don39。t agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seeDismissal.You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven39。tappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any pensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are plaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept i.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underFurther help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your pensation if you win the case. This is known as adamagesbased agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can39。t charge you more than 35% of your pensation if you win the case.If you are thinking about signing up for a damagesbased agreement, you should make sure you39。re clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest