【正文】 t, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。 3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有e, go, leave, start, die, finish, bee, get married等。例如： I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了） Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了） Who hasn39。t handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)） He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)） He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)） 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型 1）It is the first / second time.... that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. 這是我第一次訪問(wèn)這城市。 This is the first time （that） I39。ve heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽(tīng)他唱歌。 注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I39。ve （ever） seen. 這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。 典型例題 （1） Do you know our town at all? No, this is the first time I ___ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am ing 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。 （2） Have you ____ been to our town before? No, it39。s the first time I ___ here. A. even, e B. even, have e C. ever, e D. ever, have e 答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。 （錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month. （對(duì)）I haven39。t received his letter for almost a month. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 比較since和for Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty 。 I have lived here since I was born. 我從出生起就住在這兒了。 注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。） I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。） 注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。 1）（對(duì)） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）（錯(cuò)） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 since的四種用法 1） since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。例如： I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在這兒。 2） since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如： I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。 3） since +從句。例如： Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，變化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后，變化可大了。 4） It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如： It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1） 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。例如： He has pleted the work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 （表結(jié)果） I39。ve known him since then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷） 2） 用于till / until從句的差異 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示做……直到…… 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示到……，才……。例如： He didn39。t e back until ten o39。clock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。 He slept until ten o39。clock. 他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。 典型例題 1. You don39。t need to describe her. I ___ her several times. A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet 答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 2. I39。m sorry to keep you waiting. Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be 答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開(kāi)始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去 ||| 其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。 那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2） 用法 a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如： She said （that）she had never been to Paris. 她告訴我她曾去過(guò)巴黎。 b. 狀語(yǔ)從句 在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示原本…，未能…。例如： We had hoped that you would e, but you didn39。t. 那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒(méi)有來(lái)。 3） 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如： He said that he had learned some English before. 他說(shuō)過(guò)他以前學(xué)過(guò)一些英語(yǔ)。 By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛(ài)迪生開(kāi)始自己謀生。 Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party. 湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。 典型例題 The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left 答案D. 把書(shū)忘在辦公室發(fā)生在去取書(shū)這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此忘了書(shū)這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在同學(xué)們正忙于……這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。 注意： had hardly… when 還沒(méi)等…… 就……。例如： I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我剛打開(kāi)門，他就打了我。 had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí) 1） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： When she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。 2 ） 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如： When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3） 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 1） 構(gòu)成will have done 2） 概念 a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如： They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。 b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如： You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。 返回動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)目錄 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法： a. 表示現(xiàn)在（指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。 b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如： Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在寫另一部小說(shuō)。（說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。） c. 表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, bee