【正文】 論 After 1 week of grazing Before Overgrazing 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 ? Controlling grazing implementation ? 1920’s, 15 colleges offered courses in range science ? F. Clements, U of Nebraska Theories on plant succession (演替理論 ) ? Rest, controlled season of use, noxious plant control , seeding ? 1923, the first range science text book, written by Arthur Sampson 19001930 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 19301960 ? 60 years range exploitation ? Drought, dust storm occurred ? Rangeland cultivated into farm land (weather, grain price) 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 “Allocated grazing privileges on unsold government lands in the West on the basis of the rancher(牧民 )’s ability to provide water or bay ”. Result of actions by ranchers concerned about range deterioration. Taylor Grazing Act (1934) 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 Cattleman grazed cattle who owned water points Sheep man had no base to graze, then caused worse problem Quantifying research was done Journal of Range management,1948 A paper “Condition and Management of Rangeland Based on Quantitative Ecology”, by . Dyksterhuis ,1949 Decrease, increase, invader (annual) 1950’s were terrific improvement years. 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 1970 1970’s , multiply use of rangeland Livestock land use reduced 25% Rancher was much better educated than before . 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 Harold Heady ? 1950 Grassland Research in Africa ? 1960 years grassland management concepts were introduced to other countries. ? 1975, the damage restoration, multipurpose utilization were proposed. ? 1994 second edition, “Rangeland Ecology and Management”. 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 ? Focus on longscale Rangeland health ? Match up carrying capacity and livestock grazing ? Concerned about the frail sensitive region Rangeland Management Principles 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 Management in Other Countries Fire, grassland conditions, stability, succession Management, fertilization, herbicides, machines reduced. Fire, biological measures improved, breeding, selection of native species enhanced. Statetransition model (Westoby,1989), unplantable shrubland 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 OBJECTIVES reduce input N 、 P、 K、 S fertilizer:89,20,25, 44 kg/ha， 1980’s 130 kg/ha Increase using silage, hay Increase grazing UK, Ireland 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 Milk quota system Total output 3% Employed 5% Important to GDP Common Agricultural Policy (the CAP) was official started 1984, milk production quota system ? surplus of milk production ? price stability ? subsidies 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 前蘇聯(lián) The former Soviet Union 從事草地培育、經(jīng)營(yíng)管理研究較早的國(guó)家之一。 One of countries early engage in grass cultivation and management studies. ? 草地培育的基礎(chǔ)理論與應(yīng)用的研究 ； Basic theory and application of grassland management research ? 18世紀(jì)，草原飼用植物的評(píng)價(jià)； The 18th century, grassland forage plant evaluation ? 18世紀(jì)末，輪作制 ； Late 18th century , crop rotation system ? 草地合理利用 ； The rational use of grassland。 ? 退化草地改良方法 Improved method of degraded grassland 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 ? 草地灌溉、施肥、補(bǔ)播、草地植被更新等提高草地生產(chǎn)能力的措施； Lawn irrigation, fertilization, plementary sowing, and grass vegetation update to improve grassland productivity。 ? 放牧地與刈草地輪刈等技術(shù)方法。 The methods of grazing land exchange with mowing land. 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 （ 1956）認(rèn)為草地是畜牧業(yè)生產(chǎn)基地，割草地和放牧地或天然飼料地來(lái)代替草地，并相應(yīng)地提出割草地管理和放牧地管理兩詞（草地管理與放牧地管理）。 HB Larin (1956) think that the grass is the animal husbandry production base, mowing grass land, grazing land or natural fodder land can replace grassland, and accordingly proposed the words of mowing and grazing grassland management (grassland management and grazing land management). 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 中國(guó) China 7,00010,000 years ago, domesticate livestock, use and cultivate grassland 2022 years ago, alfalfa cultivation soilplant relationships (recorded by “Guanzi, Chapter”) 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 ? “封灘育草 ” Fence ? “延遲放牧 ” Deferred grazing ? “嚴(yán)禁草原荒火 ” Fire ban ? “禁止開(kāi)荒 ” 等 Prohibition of abandon land ? “移場(chǎng)放牧 ” 等合理性利用草地的制度； ? “ seasonal grazing field grazing”, rational use of grassland systems ? 對(duì)退化草地實(shí)行了有計(jì)劃的保護(hù)和培育，如進(jìn)行封灘育草、滅鼠滅蟲(chóng)、灌溉、松土補(bǔ)播、施肥等改良措施； ? Closure, rest, rodent pest control, irrigation, oversowing, fertilizing and other improvement measurements 草地培育學(xué) 第一講 緒論 ? 興修水利，施行草地灌溉，開(kāi)辟缺水草地 Building irrigation and drain, implementing lawn irrigation, opening dry grasslands. ? 圍建基本草地 Fence and build basic lawn. ? 修棚搭圍，推廣定居游牧。 Repairing shed to promote the settlement of nomadism ? 推廣機(jī)械化，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率 Promote mechanization and improve labor productivity ? 1980年實(shí)施生產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任制 Implemented the production contract responsibility system in 1980 ? 2022年 4月修訂草原法 April 2022 revised Grassland Law 資源利用 Resource utilization 保護(hù) Protection 建設(shè) Construction 戰(zhàn)略地位 Strategic role 保障畜產(chǎn)品供應(yīng) Food security 合理利用 Rational use 經(jīng)濟(jì)效益為主 Economic priorities 生態(tài) — 維護(hù)生態(tài)安全 ecological safety 經(jīng)濟(jì) 保障經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展 economic development 社會(huì) 構(gòu)建和諧社會(huì) Building a Harmonious Societ