【正文】 some others the seller has to pay the additional expenses incurred for moving the cargo from ship to wharf godown and from godown to trucks。 but sometimes the situation is quite different, those expenses should be borne by the buyer alone. Therefore, it is equivocal which party shall pay the unloading expense under CIF terms the seller or the buyer. For this reason, the following CIF variants are introduced to clarify the doubtful point:(a) CIF Liner termsThe unloading expenses will be for the account of the party who pays the freight, ie. the seller under CIF terms.(b) CIF Ship’s HoldThe buyer is to pay all unloading expenses when the goods are discharged from the ship’s hold to the wharf.These CIF variants clarify the division of expenses between buyer and seller. The risks pass from seller to buyer in the same manner as under CIF terms, ie. at the time when the goods have effectively passed the ship’s rail.CFR…Port of DestinationThe only difference between CIF and CFR lies in the fact that under CFR terms the buyer is responsible for the payment of insurance premium and of course, for arranging the necessary coverage with an insurance pany in the buyer’s country whereas under CIF terms, the buyer is not. It does not concern the seller, however, the seller must see to it that shipping advice shall be sent in time so as to enable the buyer to proceed with insurance arrangement. In case the seller fails to send the shipping advice due to oversight, he will be held responsible for any loss of or damage to the goods as a result of his negligence.Air and Rail TransportationThe three trade terms are primarily applicable to ocean transportation. In practice, they are inappropriate for air and rail transportation. For instance, when goods are exported to Hongkong by rail, we may now quote CIP Hongkong。 when goods are exported to Paris, we quote FCA Airport Shanghai or CIP Airport Paris. Under these circumstances, passing the ship’s rail dose not make sense. When goods are dispatched to the neighboring countries, we may quote DAF Border Station (name of the border town) “Delivered to Frontier” terms.Innovations of Delivery TermsIn recent years, containerized traffic is increasing at a very fast pace, as exporters bee more aware of the advantages of containerization. In such case, the seller usually sends the containerized cargo or goods packed in container to the container freight station, where the carrier will issue a bined transport bill of lading to the consignor and at that time the risks and responsibility pass from seller to buyer。 consequently it is improper to apply CIF, CFR and FOB terms in this case. The International Chamber of Commerce adopted three new terms, namely FCA (Free Carrier), CPT (Freight or Carriage Paid to Named Destination) and CIP (Freight or Carriage and Insurance Paid to Named Destination)。 under which terms, both the seller and the buyer find it quite convenient to handle transportation of the containerized cargo, as the seller can get payment through negotiation with the bank at his place of business and the relative shipping documents will be sent to the buyer through the bank to enable him to take delivery of the goods at destination. In such cases, the risks pass from the seller to the buyer at the point (container freight station) when goods are placed into the custody of the carrier, but the title to the goods passes only when the buyer has paid or accepted the draft at his bank’s office.Summingup(1) When FOB is used in our foreign trade with the USA and Canada, it is necessary to put down the word “Vessel”, as “FOB Vessel Seattle” or “FOB Vessel Vancouver”。 if that is omitted, the sellers are responsible for the expenses to the city where the goods are to be shipped from, and it is then the buyers who pay for the transport of the goods to the wharf, as well as for loading them on board the vessel. This is also the procedure with FAS Vancouver。 we should stipulate FAS Vessel Vancouver. This is somewhat different from the practice observed in European countries.(2) Under FOB Liner Terms, the buyers pay the freight directly to the shipping pany. This includes the charges for loading and unloading. The shipping pany will see to it that the goods will be shipped on board the vessel at the loading port and unloaded at the port of discharge. When the buyers charter a vessel for tramp service, it sometimes happens that the disputes arises as to which party is to pay the loading charges. In order to avoid payment of loading charges, the exporters in Europe sometimes try to use FOB Liner Terms instead of FOB Vessel, a tactic against which we must be on our guard.(3) As to the loading charges under FOB Vessel Terms for tramp service, there are different practices in usage at different ports. For instance:In Liverpool the sellers bear both the loading and stowing charges。 therefore, FOB Liverpool is equivalent to FOB Stowed Liverpool.In London the sellers bear all the charges up to the loading of the goods on board the vessel. This amounts to FOB Vessel Tackle Released, London.In Rotterdam the sellers and the buyers shares the loading expenses on a 5050 basis.In Antwerp the sellers pay the expenses for the transport of the goods up to the roadstead (place of the rest of the wharf) and all further expenses will be for the account of the shipowner or the buyers.In Alexandria FOB is the same as FAS, ie. the shipowner or the buyers pay the expenses to hoist the goods on to the ship and into the ship’s hold and trim them.In Ethiopia, under FOB Vessel terms, the sellers pay the slinging/hooking charges, and after the goods have crossed the ship’s rail, the buyers pay the stevedoring charges.We must make a careful study of the different conditions of the different ports and their practices. The interpretation of FOB Vessel varies in different countries as follows, in so far as it concerns the risks borne by the sellers or