【導讀】盡管化學品的使用可以追溯到古代文明時代，我們所謂的現(xiàn)代化學工業(yè)的發(fā)展卻是非常近代。源于工業(yè)革命其間，大約在1800年，并發(fā)展成為為其它工業(yè)部門提供化學原料的產(chǎn)業(yè)。比如制肥皂所用的堿，棉布生產(chǎn)所用。的漂白粉，玻璃制造業(yè)所用的硅及Na2CO3.我們會注意到所有這些都是無機物。有機化學工業(yè)的開始是在十九世紀六十年代以。WilliamHenryPerkin發(fā)現(xiàn)第一種合成染料—苯胺紫并加以開發(fā)利用為標志的。20世紀初，德國花費大量資金用于實用化學方。面的重點研究，到1914年，德國的化學工業(yè)在世界化學產(chǎn)品市場上占有75%的份額。這要歸因于新染料的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及硫酸的接。觸法生產(chǎn)和氨的哈伯生產(chǎn)工藝的發(fā)展。而后者需要較大的技術(shù)突破使得化學反應第一次可以在非常高的壓力條件下進行。面所取得的成績對德國很有幫助。特別是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆發(fā)，對以氮為基礎的化合物的需求飛速增長。今天的化學工業(yè)已經(jīng)是制造業(yè)中有著許多分支的部門，并且在制造業(yè)中起著核心的作用。它生產(chǎn)了數(shù)千種不同的化學產(chǎn)

　　

【正文】 actured, the by products formed and their removal/recovery, and required purity. Data will be acquired during this development stage using semitechnical plant (up to 100 liters capacity) which will be invaluable in the design of the actual manufacturing plant. If the plant is to be a very large capacity, continuously operating one, . petrochemical or ammonia, then a pilot plant will first be built and operated to test out the process and acquire more data, these semitechnical or pilot plants will be required for testing, ., a pesticide, or customer evaluation, ., a new polymer. 對一個新產(chǎn)品進行開發(fā)要考慮產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的規(guī)模、產(chǎn)生的副產(chǎn)品以及分離 /回收，產(chǎn)品所要求的純度。在開發(fā)階段利用中試車間（最大容量可達 100 升）獲得的數(shù)據(jù)設計實際的制造廠是非常寶貴的，例如石油化工或氨的生產(chǎn)。要先建立一個中試車間，運轉(zhuǎn)并測試流程以獲得更多的數(shù)據(jù)。他們需要測試產(chǎn)品的性質(zhì)，如殺蟲劑，或進行消費評估，如一種新的聚合物。 Note that byproducts can has a major influence on the economics of a chemical process. Phenol manufacture provides a striking example of this. The original route, the benzenesulphonic acid route, has bee obsolete because demand for its by produce sodium sulfite ( tons/l ton phenol) has dried up. Its recovery and disposal will therefore be an additional charge on the process, thus increasing the cost of the phenol. In contrast the cumene route owes its economic advantage over all the other routes to the strong demand for the byproduct acetone ( tons/l ton phenol).The sale of this therefore reduces the cost of the phenol. 注意，副產(chǎn)品對于化學過程的經(jīng)濟效益也有很大的影響。酚的生產(chǎn)就是一個有代表性的例子。早期的方法，苯磺酸方法，由于它的副產(chǎn)品亞硫酸鈉需求枯竭而變的過時。亞硫酸鈉需回收和廢置成為生產(chǎn)過程附加的費用，增加了生產(chǎn)酚的成本。相反，異丙基苯方法，在經(jīng)濟效益方面優(yōu)于所有其他方法就在于市場對于它的副產(chǎn)品丙酮的迫切需求。丙酮的銷售所得降低了酚的生產(chǎn)成本。 A major part of the process development activity for a mew plant is to minimize, or ideally prevent by designing out, waste production and hence possible pollution. The economic and environmental advantages of this are obvious. 對一個新產(chǎn)品進行工藝開發(fā)的一個重要部分是通過設計把廢品減到最低，或盡可能地防止可能的污染，這樣做帶來的經(jīng)濟利益和對環(huán)境的益處是顯而易見 的。 Finally it should be noted that process development requires a big team effort between chemists, chemical engineers, and electrical and mechanical engineers to be successful. 最后要注意，工業(yè)開發(fā)需要包括化學家、化學工程師、電子和機械工程師這樣一支龐大隊伍的協(xié)同合作才能取得成功。 （ 3) Process improvement. Process improvement relates to processes which are already operating. It may be a problem that has arisen and stopped production. In this situation there is a lot of pressure to find a solution as soon as possible so that production can restart, since ?down time‘ costs money. （ 3）工藝改進。工藝改進與正在進行的工藝有關。它可能出現(xiàn)了某個問題使生產(chǎn)停止。在這種情形下，就面臨著很大的壓力要盡快地解決問題以便生產(chǎn)重新開始，因為故障期耗費資財。 down time: 故障期 More monly, however, process improvement will be directed at improving the profitability of the process. This might be achieved in a number of ways. For example, improving the yield by optimizing the process, increasing the capacity by introducing a new catalyst, or lowering the energy requirements of the process. An example of the latter was the introduction of turbo p ressors in the production of ammonia by the Haber process. This reduced utility costs (mainly electricity) from $ to % per ton of ammonia produced. Improving the quality of the product, by process modification, may lead to new markets for the product. 然而，更為常見的， 工藝改進是為了提高生產(chǎn)過程的利潤。這可以通過很多途徑實現(xiàn)。例如通過優(yōu)化流程提高產(chǎn)量，引進新的催化劑提高效能，或降低生產(chǎn)過程所需要的能量?？烧f明后者的一個例子是在生產(chǎn)氨的過程中渦輪壓縮機的引進。這使生產(chǎn)氨的成本（主要是電）從每噸 美元下降到 美元。通過工藝的改善提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量也會為產(chǎn)品打開新的市場。 In recent years, however, the most important process improvement activity has been to reduce the environmental impact of the process, ., to prevent the process causing any pollution. Clearly there have been two interlinked driving forces for this. Firstly, the public‘s concern about the safety of chemicals and their effect on the environment, and the legislation which has followed as a result of this. Secondly the cost to the manufacturer of having to treat waste (., material which cannot be recovered and used r sold) so that it can be safely disposed of, say by pumping into a river. This obviously represents a charge on the process which will increase the cost of the chemical being made. The potential for improvement by reducing the amount of waste is selfevident. 然而，近年來，最重要的工藝改進行為主要是減少生產(chǎn)過程對環(huán)境的影響，亦即防止生產(chǎn)過程所引起的污染。很明顯，有兩個相關連的因素推動這樣做。第一，公眾對化學產(chǎn)品的安全性及其對環(huán) 境所產(chǎn)生影響的關注以及由此而制訂出來的法律；第二，生產(chǎn)者必須花錢對廢物進行處理以便它能安全地清除，比如說，排放到河水中。顯然這是生產(chǎn)過程的又一筆費用，它將增加所生產(chǎn)化學產(chǎn)品的成本。通過減少廢物數(shù)量提高效益其潛能是不言而喻的。 Note, however, with a plant which has already been built and is operating there are usually only very limited physical changes which can be made to the plant to achieve the above aims. Hence the importance, already mentioned, of eliminating waste production at the design stage of a new plant. Conserving energy and thus reducing energy cost has been another major preoccupation in recent years. 然而 ，請注意，對于一個已經(jīng)建好并正在運行的工廠來說，只能做一些有限的改變來達到上述目的。因此，上面所提到的減少廢品的重要性應在新公廠的設計階段加以考慮。近年來另一個當務之急是保護能源及降低能源消耗。 (4) Applications development. Clearly the discovery of new applications or uses for a product can increase or prolong its profitability. Not only does this generate more ine but the resulting increased scale of production can lead to lower unit costs and increased profit. An example is PVC whose early uses included records and plastic raincoats. Applications which came later included plastic bags and particularly engineering uses in pipes and guttering. （ 4）應用開發(fā)。顯然發(fā)掘一個產(chǎn)品新的用處或新的用途能拓寬它的獲利渠道。這不僅能創(chuàng)造更多的收入，而且由于產(chǎn)量的增加使單元生產(chǎn)成本降低，從而使利潤提高。舉例來說， PVC 早期是用來制造唱片和塑料雨衣的，后來的用途擴展到塑料薄膜，特別是工程上所使用的管子和排水槽。 Emphasis has already been placed on the fact that chemicals are usually purchased for the effect, or particular use, or application which they have. This often means that there will be close liaison between the chemical panies‘ technical sales representatives and the customer, and the level of technical support for the customer can be a major factor in winning sales. Research and development chemists provide the support for these applications developments. An example is CF3CH3F. This is the first of the CFC