【正文】 ntinues you should get better at developing yourown system. It39。s important, however, that you have no problemunderstanding your abbreviations.AUDIOSCRIPTS 139140 APPENDIXANumber 2: Recognize that different roles and other social variablessuch as age, sex, social class, religion, ethnicity, and place of residence affect the way people speak and behave.Number 3: Realize that effective munication requires discovering the culturally conditioned images of people when they think,act, and react to the world around them.Number 4: Recognize that situational variables and conventionsshape people39。s behavior in important ways.Number 5: Understand that people generally act the way they dobecause they are exercising the options their society allows forsatisfying basic physical and psychological needs.And, finally, number 6: Develop the ability to evaluate the truth ofa generalization about the target culture and to locate and organizeinformation about the target culture from books, mass media, people, and personal observations.In writing down the six points in your notes did you use abbreviations and omit many of the unnecessary structure words suchas the articles the, a or an? In the first rule did you write down thekey words : curiosity。 empathy, other cultures. Let me summarizethe others:Rule 2: Recognize different roles and behavior determined bysex, age, social class, religion, ethnicity, place of residence.Rule 3: Effective munication requires knowing how torecognize how and why people think, act, and react to theworld around them.Rule 4: Situation variables and conventions or customs shapepeople39。s behaviotin important ways.Rule 5: People in different societies act they way they dobecause of the options their society offers them.And Rule 6: We must learn to get at the truth about the targetculture we are trying to understand. Books, mass media,people, and personal observation are all used in this process.Let39。s continue with the lecture.Culture and society must coexist. Without living together peoplecannot create a culture or way of life. If a group or society is small,isolated, and stable, it might also share a single culture. For example,think of the Tasaday, allegedly a Stone Age people in the Philippinerain forest, who were discovered by anthropologists back in 1971. Aside note is that due to their supposed isolation, they had no weaponsor known words in their language for enemy or war. In your reading after the lecture, you39。ll learn more about the Tasaday and the controversy surrounding them up to the present did the lecturer say is necessary for a group or society tohave one culture! She mentioned theymust be small, isolated, andstable. In what year were the Tasaday people discovered in thePhilippines! Right, it was in 1971. The lecturer said they had noweapons or words for enemy or war. Let 39。s be sure to spell Tasadaycorrectly: It 39。s 39。Iasaday . Let39。s hear more of the lecture.It is important to remember, however, that large societies such asthose in Canada, the United States, India, or Egypt, are multiculturalor pluralist societies. They also tend to have many subcultures. Inthe long history of human life, multiculturalism is a fairly recent phenomenon. Those of us in multicultural environments must rememberthat discovering similarities among people from different cultures is asimportant as identifying differences. For example, in classrooms onjust about every university campus in the world, we find students frommany different social and ethnic backgrounds. What are some of theuniversals that you and other international students have all experienced in your earlier educational life?One mon universal is that all cultures use rewards and punishments to encourage correct behavior. Another example is that societieswithhold certain information from the young. This might includefaults in our leaders or sexual taboos. A third universal is the effort bythe controlling group in a culture to educate the young to strengthenand secure its dominant position. In the majority of contemporarysocieties this control is reached through political means in contrast tothe military actions of earlier times, such as the Roman Conquests andthe Moorish invasions.The last topic was multicultural or pluralistic societies. Therewere several countries given as examples. Did you write themdown! They were Canada , the United States, India, and Egypt.Did you abbreviate the names! But after mentioning multiculturalism the lecturer discussed universalsin other words, thingsthat are mon to different people all over the world. What werethe three examples! First, she said we all use rewards and punishments to encourage correct behavior. The second universal wasthat we hold back certain information from our young people. Let39。srepeat the examples. They include weaknesses or faults in ourpolitical leaders and sexual taboos. The third was that the peoplein power or in control use education to strengthen and secure theirown security and position. Now let39。s hear the rest of the lecture.In closing this lecture on societies and culture, let me remind younot to forget the contributions of thoughts and actions of the individual person in a group. Note the observation of Edward Sapir, anotherfamous anthropologist: It is always the individual that really thinksand acts and dreams and revolts. Obviously the concept of culturewill be argued by anthropologists for years to e.Let me repeat the words of Edward Sapiiithat39。s Sapir: Hesaid, It is always the individual that really thinks and acts andAUDIOSCRIPTS 141UnitlWoChapter 3dreams and revolts. Did you write down individualstbinks,acts, dreams, revolts! Do you understand what anthropologists(Did you abbreviate this wotdl} will continue to argue about!His