【正文】 airs the kidney”. 這就是為什么《素問》中說“怒傷肝”；“喜傷心”；“憂傷肺”；“思傷脾”；“驚恐傷腎”。10．It is also said that “anger drives qi to flow upward。 joy makes qi sluggish。 grief consumes qi。 fear drives qi to flow downward… fright disorders qi… and over contemplation stagnates qi.” “怒則氣上；喜則氣緩；悲則氣消；恐則氣下……驚則氣亂……思則氣結(jié)?！?1．However, improper diet or partiality in diet frequently leads to diseases. 但飲食不節(jié)或偏食常可引起疾病。12．“Phlegm” not only refers to sputum expectorated from the throat, but also includes scrofula, nodules and the thick liquid substance retained or stagnated in the viscera and meridians. “痰”不僅僅指從喉嚨咯吐出來的痰，也包括瘰疬、痰核和停滯在臟腑經(jīng)絡(luò)等組織中而未被排出的痰液。13．Blood stasis can be caused either by asthenia and stagnation of qi, bloodcold and bloodheat or by endogenous and exogenous injury or extravasation of blood due to bloodheat. 瘀血或由氣虛、氣滯、血寒、血熱等原因所造成，或由內(nèi)外傷或血熱妄行等原因所引起。（九）血1．In Su Wen, it says that “the middle energizer receives qi (food nutrients), takes the juice and transforms it into red liquid known as blood”《素問》說：“中焦受氣取汁，變化而赤，是謂血。”2．Ling Shu says that “Yingqi separates its liquid, infuses it into the vessels and transforms it into blood to nourish the four limbs and the viscera.” 《靈樞》說：“營(yíng)氣者，泌其津液，注之于脈，化以為血；以榮四末，內(nèi)注五臟六腑……”3．nourish and moisten [?m??s?n] the whole body. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滋潤(rùn)全身。4．In the Chapter of the Generation of the Five ZangOrgans in Su Wen, it says: “With the nourishment of blood, the liver is able to maintain normal vision。 with the nourishment of blood, the feet are able to walk。 with the nourishment of blood, the palms are able to grip objects。 with the nourishment of blood, the fingers are able to grasp”.《素問?五臟生成篇》說：“肝受血而能視，足受血而能步，掌受血而能握，指受血而能攝?！?．The nourishing and moistening functions are signified by such manifestations as ruddy plexion, welldeveloped and strong muscles, lustrous skin and hair as well as nimble and flexible sensation and movement.血的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滋潤(rùn)的生理功能主要體現(xiàn)在面色的紅潤(rùn)、肌肉的豐滿和壯實(shí)、皮膚和毛發(fā)的潤(rùn)澤有華、感覺和運(yùn)動(dòng)的靈活自如等方面。6． Insufficiency of blood or continuous excessive consumption of blood or hypofunction of blood in nourishing and moistening the body will inevitably lead to such general or local pathological changes as vertigo [?v?:t??g??], blurred vision, pale or sallow [?s230。l??] plexion, dry hair or skin, numbness of limbs or extremities.血的生成不足或持久地過度耗損，或血的營(yíng)養(yǎng)和滋潤(rùn)作用減弱，均可引起全身或局部血虛的病變，出現(xiàn)頭昏目花、面色不華或萎黃、毛發(fā)干枯、肌膚干燥、肢體或肢端麻木等臨床表現(xiàn)。7．So it is said in Su Wen that “blood and qi constitute the spirit of man and must be carefully nourished.”所以《素問》說：“氣血者，人之神，不可不謹(jǐn)養(yǎng)。”8．That is why it is said in Ling Shu that “harmony of blood and smoothness of the vessels are key to the normal state of the spirit.” 這就是為什么《靈樞》說：“血脈和利，精神乃居?！?．Since the pumping of the heart propels blood to circulate, it says in Su Wen that “the heart dominates the blood vessels.” 由于心臟的搏動(dòng)推動(dòng)血液的運(yùn)行，所以《素問》說：“心主身之血脈?！?0．The dispersion and connection with various vessels of the lung as well as the dredging and releasing functions of the liver are also essential factors in promoting the circulation of blood. 肺的宣發(fā)和朝百脈，肝的疏泄等，是推動(dòng)和促進(jìn)血液運(yùn)行的重要因素。11．The function of the spleen to mand blood and the function of the liver to store blood are the key factors in keeping the blood circulating inside the vessel and preventing it from extravasating.脾的統(tǒng)血和肝的藏血等，是固攝血液、防止外溢的重要因素。12．Clinically four types of blood disorders are monly encountered, namely blood asthenia [230。s?θi:nj?], blood stasis, bloodheat and bloodcold.臨床常見的血病證候有血虛、血瘀、血熱和血寒等四種。13．Blood asthenia refers to a syndrome marked by general weakness due to consumption or insufficiency of blood and malnutrition of the whole body. 血虛證是血液虧虛，臟腑百脈失養(yǎng)，表現(xiàn)全身虛弱的證候。14．The clinical manifestations of blood asthenia are pale or sallow plexion, lightcoloured lips and nails, dizziness, palpitation [p230。lpi?tei?(?)n](心悸), insomnia, numbness [?n?mn?s] (麻木)of hands and feet, lightcoloured and scanty [?sk230。nti:]（稀少的） menstruation, delayed menstruation or amenorrhea, lightcoloured tongue with whitish coating, thin and weak pulse.血虛的臨床表現(xiàn)為面白無華或萎黃，唇色淡白，爪甲蒼白，頭暈眼花，心悸失眠、手足發(fā)麻，婦女經(jīng)血量少色淡，衍期甚或閉經(jīng)，舌淡苔白，脈細(xì)無力。15．The clinical manifestations of blood stasis are fixed and unpalpable stabbing pain, often aggravated in the night。 bluish coloration if the mass is superficial。 hard mass if it is in the abdomen。 repeated hemorrhage with blackish color and blood clot or pitchlike stool。 blackish plexion, squamous and dry skin, purplish [?p?:pli?] （略帶紫色的）lips and nails, or subcutaneous purplish maculae, or visible veins over the abdomen, amenorrhea [ei?men??ri:?]（閉經(jīng)） in women, purplish and grayish [?ɡreii?]（略帶灰色的） tongue, or ecchymosis and petechia, thin and unsmooth pulse.血瘀的臨床表現(xiàn)為疼痛如針刺刀割，痛有定處，拒按，常在夜間加劇。腫塊在體表者，色呈青紫；在腹內(nèi)者，堅(jiān)硬按之不移。出血反復(fù)不止，色澤紫暗，中加血塊，或大便色黑如柏油。面色黧黑，肌膚甲錯(cuò)，口唇爪甲紫暗，或腹部青筋外露。婦女常見經(jīng)閉。舌質(zhì)紫暗，或見瘀斑瘀點(diǎn)，脈象細(xì)澀。16．Bloodheat refers to a syndrome of superabundance of fire and heat in the viscera and invasion of heat into bloodphase. 血熱證，是臟腑火熱熾盛，熱迫血分所表現(xiàn)的證候。（十）氣1．Qi is a conception signifying a rudimentary understanding of the natural phenomena in the ancient times in China. 氣的概念反映了古代中國(guó)人對(duì)自然現(xiàn)象的一種樸素的認(rèn)識(shí)。2．“the human beings were produced by the interaction between the terrestrial qi and the celestial qi in accordance with the variations of the four seasons”“人以天地之氣生，四時(shí)之法成?！?．“the bination of terrestrial qi and celestial qi has given rise to the existence of the human beings.” “天地合氣，命之曰人?！?．“The sky provides men with five kinds of qi and the earth provides men with five kinds of flavors. The five kinds of qi enter the body through the nose and stay in the heart and the lung, so that the plexion is lustrous and the voice is sonorous。 the five kinds of flavors enter the body through the mouth and stay in the intestines and stomach to produce nutrient substance to nourish the five kinds of qi.” “天食人以五氣，地食人以五味。五氣如鼻，藏于心肺，上使五色修明，音聲能彰；五味入口，藏于腸胃，味有所生，以養(yǎng)五氣?！?．Qi in the human body is derived from congenital qi inherited from the parents, food nutrients the food transformed by the spleen and stomach and fresh air inhaled f