【正文】 create a profitable product is a skill set that may require some practice. Aircraft design requires both innovations to create new planes that are safer and or more cost efficient, but it is also an industry where new planes are often subtle alterations of previous models and where detailed experience with one model may be a huge help in creating a new ?？搭}的答案11可以提供一些提示。兩個(gè)其他的例子:生物技術(shù)和飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)。生物技術(shù)是一個(gè)行業(yè)中,創(chuàng)新燃料的新產(chǎn)品,但它也是一個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)如何成功地把一個(gè)想法和創(chuàng)建一個(gè)有利可圖的產(chǎn)品是一種技能,可能需要一些練習(xí)。飛機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)既要求創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)造新的飛機(jī)更安全,或者更高效,但它也是一個(gè)行業(yè),新飛機(jī)經(jīng)常是很微妙的改變之前的模型和經(jīng)驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ?詳盡描述一個(gè)可能是一個(gè)巨大的幫助在創(chuàng)建一個(gè)新的。 7. a. The relatively few locations for production suggest external economies of scale in production. If these operations are large, there may also be large internal economies of scale in ，在生產(chǎn)的外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)。如果這些操作都是大的，也有可能在生產(chǎn)規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)部的。b. Since economies of scale are significant in airplane production, it tends to be done by a small number of (imperfectly petitive) firms at a limited number of locations. One such location is Seattle, where Boeing produces ，它往往是由一小部分做（不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）在有限數(shù)量的位置，公司。一個(gè)這樣的地點(diǎn)是西雅圖，那里的波音公司制造的飛機(jī)c. Since external economies of scale are significant in semiconductor production, semiconductor industries tend to be concentrated in certain geographic locations. If, for some historical reason, a semiconductor is established in a specific location, the export of semiconductors by that country is due to economies of scale and not parative advantage. 由于外部規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)在半導(dǎo)體生產(chǎn)是顯著的，半導(dǎo)體產(chǎn)業(yè)往往集中在某一個(gè)位置。如果，因?yàn)闅v史的原因，半導(dǎo)體是一個(gè)特定的位置建立，由國(guó)家半導(dǎo)體的出口是由于規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和不比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。d. “True” scotch whiskey can only e from Scotland. The production of scotch whiskey requires a technique known to skilled distillers who are concentrated in the region. Also, soil and climactic conditions are favorable for grains used in local scotch production. This reflects parative advantage.“真正的“蘇格蘭威士忌只能來(lái)自蘇格蘭。蘇格蘭威士忌的生產(chǎn)需要一個(gè)已知的技術(shù)熟練蒸餾器是集中在地區(qū)。同時(shí),土壤和氣候條件有利于谷物用于當(dāng)?shù)氐奶K格蘭生產(chǎn)。這反映了比較優(yōu)勢(shì)。e. France has a particular blend of climactic conditions and land that is difficult to reproduce elsewhere. This generates a parative advantage in wine ,是很難復(fù)制其他地方。這生成一個(gè)比較優(yōu)勢(shì)在葡萄酒生產(chǎn)。 8. The Japanese producers are price discriminating across United States and Japanese markets, so that the goods sold in the United States are much cheaper than those sold in Japan. It may be profitable for other Japanese to purchase these goods in the United States, incur any tariffs and transportation costs, and resell the goods in Japan. Clearly, the price differential across markets must be nontrivial for this to be ,所以,貨物在美國(guó)出售更便宜比在日本銷售。它可能是盈利為其他日本購(gòu)買這些商品在美國(guó),招致任何關(guān)稅和運(yùn)輸成本,和轉(zhuǎn)售貨物在日本。顯然,在市場(chǎng)價(jià)格差必須為這平凡的盈利。 9. a. Suppose two countries that can produce a good are subject to forwardfalling supply curves and are identical countries with identical curves. If one country starts out as a producer of a good,., it has a head start even as a matter of historical accident, then all production will occur in that particular country and it will export to the rest of the ，能產(chǎn)生良好的受到了下降的供給曲線是相同的國(guó)家具有相同的曲線。如果一個(gè)國(guó)家開(kāi)始了作為一個(gè)好的，即，生產(chǎn)商已開(kāi)始甚至作為一個(gè)歷史的偶然，那么所有的生產(chǎn)將在該國(guó)發(fā)生，它將向世界各地出口。b. Consumers in both countries will pay a lower price for this good when external economies are maximized through trade and all production is located in a single market. In the present example, no single country has a natural cost advantage or is worse off than it would be under ，外部經(jīng)濟(jì)最大化，通過(guò)貿(mào)易和生產(chǎn)位于一個(gè)單一的市場(chǎng)。在本示例中，沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家有一個(gè)天然的成本優(yōu)勢(shì)或是更糟，要比在自給自足。10. External economies are important for firms as technology changes rapidly and as the “cutting edge” moves quickly with frequent innovations. As this process slows, manufacturing bees more routine and there is less advantage conferred by external economies. Instead, firms look for low cost production locations. Since external economies are no longer important, firms find little advantage in being clustered, and it is likely that locations other than the highwage original locations are ，作為“先鋒”的變化，公司重要的快速移動(dòng)頻繁的創(chuàng)新。作為這一進(jìn)程的放緩，制造更為常規(guī)的和有較少的優(yōu)勢(shì)，外部經(jīng)濟(jì)賦予。相反，公司尋找低成本生產(chǎn)地點(diǎn)。由于外部經(jīng)濟(jì)不再重要，企業(yè)集群發(fā)現(xiàn)小的優(yōu)勢(shì)，它是可能的，比其他的高工資的原始位置選擇的地點(diǎn)。11. a. i. Very likely due to the need to have a mon pool of labor with such skills.ii. Somewhat likely due to the need for continual innovation and learning.b. i. Unlikely since it is difficult to see how the costs of a single firm would fall if other firms are present in the asphalt industry.ii. Unlikely because they are industries in which technology is more stable than in other industries such as software services or cancer research.c. i. Highly likely because having a great number of support firms and an available pool of skilled labor in filmmaking are critical to film production.ii. Highly likely because film making is an industry in which learning is important.d. i. Somewhat likely in that it may be advantageous to have other researchers nearby.ii. Highly likely because such research builds on itself through a learningbydoing process.e. i. Unlikely because it is difficult to see how the existence of another timber firm with lower costs to another timber firm.ii. Unlikely due to the relatively stable technology involved in timber harvesting.Chapter 7 1. The marginal product of labor in Home is 10 and in Foreign is 18. Wages are higher in Foreign, so workers migrate there to the point where the marginal product in both Home and Foreign is equated. This occurs when there are 7 workers in each country, and the marginal product of labor in each country is 。工資更高的在外國(guó),所以工人遷移的地方有兩家和邊際產(chǎn)品在外國(guó)就相當(dāng)于。這是發(fā)生在有7個(gè)工人在每個(gè)國(guó)家,勞動(dòng)的邊際產(chǎn)品在每個(gè)國(guó)家是14。2. If immigration is limited, migration will still be from Home to Foreign, but now, instead of four workers moving, only two will be allowed to do so. Workers originally in Foreign do worse after the immigration since wages fall as the marginal product of labor falls due to the increase in the number of workers (though wages do not fall as much as they would have with unfettered immigration). Foreign landowners are better off as they have more workers at lower wages with the inflow of immigrants, though they are not as well off as they w