【正文】 ation Systems 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall Global Business Organization Systems Configurations Competing on a Global Scale Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems Figure 35 The large Xs show the dominant patterns, and the small Xs show the emerging patterns. For instance, domestic exporters rely predominantly on centralized systems, but there is continual pressure and some development of decentralized systems in local marketing regions. 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall What Is Quality? Competing on Quality and Design ? Producer perspective: ? Conformance to specifications and absence of variation from specs ? Customer perspective: ? Physical quality (reliability), quality of service, psychological quality ? Total quality management (TQM) ? Quality control is end in itself ? All people, functions responsible for quality ? Six sigma ? Measure of quality: defects/million opportunities Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall 六西格瑪是一項(xiàng)以數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)，追求幾乎完美的質(zhì)量管理方法。 六西格瑪（ SixSigma）是在九十年代中期開(kāi)始從一種全面質(zhì)量管理方法演變成為一個(gè)高度有效的企業(yè)流程設(shè)計(jì)、改善和優(yōu)化技術(shù)，并提供了一系列同等地適用于設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)和服務(wù)的新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)工具。繼而與全球化、產(chǎn)品服務(wù)、電子商務(wù)等戰(zhàn)略齊頭并進(jìn)，成為全世界上追求管理卓越性的企業(yè)最為重要的戰(zhàn)略舉措。六西格瑪逐步發(fā)展成為以顧客為主體來(lái)確定企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)和產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)尺，追求持續(xù)進(jìn)步的一種質(zhì)量管理哲學(xué)。 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall ? Reduce cycle time and simplify production process ? Benchmarking ? Use customer demands to improve products and services ? Improve design quality and precision ? Computeraided design (CAD) systems ? Improve production precision and tighten production tolerances How Information Systems Improve Quality Competing on Quality and Design Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall 基準(zhǔn)化分析法（ benchmarking）就是將本企業(yè)各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)與從事該項(xiàng)活動(dòng)最佳者進(jìn)行比較，從而提出行動(dòng)方法，以彌補(bǔ)自身的不足。 benchmarking是將本企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的各方面狀況和環(huán)節(jié)與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手或行業(yè)內(nèi)外一流的企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)照分析的過(guò)程，是一種評(píng)價(jià)自身企業(yè)和研究其他組織的手段，是將外部企業(yè)的持久業(yè)績(jī)作為自身企業(yè)的內(nèi)部發(fā)展目標(biāo)并將外界的最佳做法移植到本企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)環(huán)節(jié)中去的一種方法。實(shí)施 benchmarking的公司必須不斷對(duì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手或一流企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)、經(jīng)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)等進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)優(yōu)勢(shì)和不足。 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，基準(zhǔn)化分析法 (Benchmarking)就是對(duì)企業(yè)所有能衡量的東西給出一個(gè)參考值， benchmarking可以是一種管理體系、學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程，它更著重于流程的研究分析。 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems Computeraided design (CAD) systems improve the quality and precision of product design by performing much of the design and testing work on the puter. Competing on Quality and Design 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall ? Tasks are streamlined to eliminate repetitive and redundant work ? Mortgage banks have been great beneficiaries of BPR, achieving remarkable leaps forward in efficiency ? Workflow management: ? Streamlines business procedures so documents can be moved easily and efficiently ? Automates processes ? Eliminates delays ? Allows simultaneous work Business Process Reengineering Competing on Business Processes Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall ? Understanding what business processes need improvement ? Understanding how the improvements will help the firm execute its strategy ? Understanding and measuring the performance of existing processes as baselines ? Managing change Steps in Effective Reengineering Competing on Business Processes Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems Figure 36A By redesigning their mortgage processing systems and the mortgage application process, mortgage banks are able to reduce the costs of processing the average mortgage from $3,000 to $1,000 and reduce the time of approval from six weeks to one week or less. Some banks are even preapproving mortgages and locking interest rates on the same day the customer applies. Competing on Business Processes 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems Figure 36B Competing on Business Processes 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems Figure 36C Competing on Business Processes 169。 2022 by Prentice Hall Redesigning Mortgage Processing in the United States Essentials of Business Information Systems Chapter 3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems Figure 36D Competing on Business Processes