外文文獻(xiàn)及翻譯：人機(jī)工程學(xué)-資料下載頁(yè)
2024-10-20 15:02本頁(yè)面
【導(dǎo)讀】在試圖定義人機(jī)學(xué)之前，我們有必要了解一下這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。美國(guó)和其他小部分國(guó)。盡管“工效學(xué)”在美國(guó)也使用，但在歐洲和世界其他地區(qū)。另一個(gè)偶爾看到的術(shù)語(yǔ)（尤其在美國(guó)軍。人類能力和極限的基礎(chǔ)研究，而人機(jī)學(xué)則更多地和信息在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用相關(guān)，并以此將兩者區(qū)別。我們將通過人機(jī)學(xué)所關(guān)注的重點(diǎn)、目標(biāo)以及方法來對(duì)其進(jìn)行定義。因此，人機(jī)學(xué)尋求改變?nèi)藗兪褂玫臇|西和使用這些。東西的環(huán)境，以便使它們更好地符合人的能力、極限和需求。人機(jī)學(xué)主要有兩個(gè)目標(biāo)。第一個(gè)是提高工作和其他活動(dòng)的實(shí)施效力和效率。度，提高工作滿意度和改善生活質(zhì)量。例如，運(yùn)用人機(jī)學(xué)技術(shù)設(shè)。它包括科學(xué)調(diào)查研究，以便發(fā)現(xiàn)。學(xué)的印象，但沒有一句精煉的句子能完全描述人機(jī)學(xué)研究的范圍。錯(cuò)誤在可能造成損害前被糾正仍然是一種錯(cuò)誤。在事件發(fā)生后某個(gè)人對(duì)某種行為做出合理、謹(jǐn)慎評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果。可接受的結(jié)果發(fā)生前不允許發(fā)現(xiàn)和逆轉(zhuǎn)。鋼架結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)觸電死亡。
【正文】 as lifting a 24ton block of stone. Rather than lifting the boom and then rotating it 90 degrees, he rotated the near flat extended boom first, and before he could lift it, and crane overturned. A timing error (also a subclass of errors of mission) occurs when a person fails to perform an action within the allotted time, either performing too fast or too slowly. Taking too long to remove one’s hand from a work piece in a drill press, for example, is a timing error that can result in a nasty injury. Dealing With Human Error It is inevitable that human will err. There are numerous specific strategies for reducing the likelihood or negative consequences of human errors, but we do not try to enumerate them here. However, a brief discussion of generic approaches might be useful. In general, the likelihood or consequences of errors can be reduced by personnel selection and training and by design of the equipment, procedures, and environment. Selection : Selecting people with the capabilities and skills required to perform a job will result in fewer errors being made. Such things as perceptual, intellectual, and motor skills should be considered. The limitations with this approach are that (a) it is not always easy to determine what skills and abilities are required, (b) reliable and valid test do not always exist for measuring the required skills and abilities, and (c) there may not be an adequate supply of qualified people. Training: Errors can be reduced by proper training of personnel. Unfortunately, people do not always perform as they were trained. They can fet or revert to old habits acquired before training. Training can also be expensive because it must be given to each person and, in critical situations, should include refresher training as well. We will have a little more to say about training later. Design: One of the important themes of this book is that the design of equipment, procedures, and environments can improve the performance of people, including reducing the likelihood and consequences of errors. There are three generic design approaches for dealing with human error: ? Exclusion designs: the design of things makes it impossible to mit the error ? Prevention designs: the design of things makes it difficult, but not impossible, to mit the error ? Failsafe designs: the design of things reduces the consequences of errors without necessarily reducing the likelihood of errors Designing to reduce errors or their consequences can often be the most costeffective approach to the problem of human error. A system need designed online once, while selection and training must be repeated as new people bee part of a system. In essence, it is easier to bend metal then to twist arms. Senders(1983) and Rasmussen(1987) make an interesting point with respect to eliminating human error. They point out that humans are servomechanisms and must experiment with their environment to learn and acquire skill. They maintain that errors are a natural consequence of this experimentation and trialanderror learning. Errors, they contend, are necessary for the development of skilled performance. Their emphasis would be on how to provide “safe” opportunities for making errors (. in training) or how to structure the environment to improve error detection and correction.
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