【正文】 in order, why each one won39。d work. Then, describe your favored solutionand describe its pitfalls, too. The point is to walk them through the decesionmaking process, after all, so if there are other obvious alternatives, and pitfalls to your own, don39。t avoid them. If you do, the audience will start creating them at the water cooler after the talk, and all your hard work will be for nothing.p. 40. Rhetorically, you should present the options you intend the audience to favor at the end of your list, because audiences tend to remember best things they hear last.還有種表現(xiàn)手法就是先詳細闡述自己的解釋，然后筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)說也許有的人（比如審稿人）會說......（提出不同的解釋），但是我們并不支持這個不同的解釋，這是因為......這兩種表現(xiàn)手法在The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetoric也有說明。道理是：讀者心里當然有不同的解釋，作為作者，就應該起到釋疑的作用，給讀者分析清楚每種解釋的利弊。再有，現(xiàn)代社會召喚什么樣的人？思維活潑開放，勇于接受新理論的人。如果有的作者不分析其它的解釋，只是一味強調(diào)、一口咬定自己的解釋是對的，那么這就是思維僵化。（證據(jù)見：What You Don39。t Know Can Keep You Out of College, Don Dunbar著）Timothy W. Crusius和Carolyn E. Channell寫的The Aims of Argument: A Brief RhetoricA finaland optionalstep is to assess an arguger39。s refutations. In a refutation a writer anticipitates potential objections to his or her position and tries to show why they do not undermine the basic argument. Refutations do not relate directly to claims, reasons, and evidence. A skilled arguer typically uses them not as part of the main logic of an argument but as a separate step to deal with any obvious objections a reader is likely to have.Don Dunbar寫的What You Don39。t Know Can Keep You Out of Collegep. 47. Students with passionate interests often hold strong views. They have perceptions about the things that interest them, and they39。ve thought about them enough to express options. One counselee of mine had strong fellings on the issue if abortion and wrote the following:There are no circumstances that warrent the killing of a baby at any stage of development, no matter what the excuse. It is just plain murder. It amazes me that anyone can even speak up for the side of murder.When I remended that she choose another essay topic, she thought I was saying that her views were wrong. I told her that one their campuses, colleges like to have conservatives and liberals and everything in between. However, this essay introduction didn39。t just show an option. It showed a lack of interest in the views of the other side. College seek thinkers who can see more than one side of an issue and open to the possibility of learning something new. If your portray yourself as pletely closed to arguments besides the one you believe, you show political passtion, but not intellectual passion. You sound like you don39。t want to learn. And, as I39。ve said, if you don39。t show intellectual passion, you39。re as good as dead.大家看典型的TOEFL作文里面，當論述住在學校里面還是住在學校外面好的時候，錯誤的寫法是一邊倒或者兩邊都不得罪；正確的寫法是說：的確，某種選擇有什么什么優(yōu)點；但是（筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)），考慮到什么什么，我還是覺得另外一種選擇更好，道理是三點。然后，對三點展開論述，每一點就是一段。在對這三點展開論述的時候有這樣的論證結(jié)構(gòu):總的觀點原因1==證據(jù)原因2==證據(jù)原因3==證據(jù)The Aims of Argument: A Brief Rhetoric一書里面介紹了很多有用的東西，比如什么東西可以作為證據(jù)？證據(jù)有哪幾種？什么樣的證據(jù)更具有可信度？要多少證據(jù)才能說明觀點？Reasoning Skills: Success in 20 Minutes a Day 用大眾化的語言介紹了常用邏輯學原理和邏輯學陷阱，這對科研寫作非常有幫助。比如要分清楚事實和觀點！要分清楚大前提、小前提和結(jié)論；要避免循環(huán)論證，避免非此即彼、非白即黑等?？戳诉@本書，運用到寫科研論文里面，就邏輯清楚，審稿人看了舒服，抓不出邏輯漏洞?？偨Y(jié)：經(jīng)過研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)原來寫科技論文還是有方法可以遵循，有奧妙可以體會和總結(jié)的?？梢詮目茖W哲學、邏輯學、修辭學、市場學、廣告學、心理學、管理學當中得到啟發(fā)