【正文】 e Trojan prince Paris for preferring Aphrodite, goddess of love, to herself, Hera aided the Greeks in the Trojan War and was not appeased until Troy was finally destroyed. Hera is often identified with the Roman goddess Juno.Heraclitus赫拉克利特Heraclitus (540?480? bc), Greek philosopher, who believed that fire is the primordial source of matter and that the entire world is in a constant state of change. He was born in Ephesus, an ancient Greek city in Asia Minor, in what is now Turkey. Because of the loneliness of his life and the obscurity and misanthropy of his philosophy, he is also called the dark philosopher or weeping philosopher.Herakleopolis赫拉克列奧波利斯During this period the nomarchs of Herakleopolis, in the northern part of Upper Egypt, rose to power. However, another rising power, based in the south at Thebes, challenged their authority and succeeded in reuniting the land.Hittites赫梯Hittites(HebrewHittim),ancient people of Asia Minor and the Middle East, inhabiting the land of Hatti on the central plateau of what is now Anatolia, Turkey, and some areas of northern Syria. The Hittites, whose origin is unknown, spoke an IndoEuropean language.Hesiod赫西俄德Hesiod (lived 8th century bc), Greek poet, who occupies a unique place in Greek literature both for his moral precepts and for his highly personal tone.Khufu胡夫（Khafre）Khufu, in Greek, Cheops, Egyptian king (reigned 25512528 bc). Khufu was the second king of the 4th Dynasty, also known as the Memphite dynasty. The outstanding event of his reign was the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, near Cairo. This colossal monument became famous as one of the Seven Wonders of the World and remains one of the most notable structures in the history of architecture. In 1954 the 38m (125ft) solar funeral ship of Khufu was discovered near the Great Pyramid. In the ritual of the funerary cult as practiced by Khufu and his contemporaries, such vessels were constructed to transport souls of the departed through the heavens in the path of the sun god.Pataliputra華氏城Hortensius霍騰西烏斯（霍騰西阿）Quintus Hortensius (11450 bc), Roman lawyer and orator. Soon after his admittance to the bar at the age of 19, he won a reputation by successfully defending Niedes III, king of the Roman dependency of Bithynia (reigned 9174 bc), against the charge of corrupt administration. Hortensius was one of the leaders of the aristocratic party, and rose to bee consul in 69 bc. Until 70 bc he was considered unequaled as an orator. In that year, however, he was opposed by the Roman orator and statesman Marcus Tullius Cicero, in the case of the Sicilian governor Gaius Verres. Hortensius defended Verres against charges of cruelty and dishonesty in office, but Verres was convicted on the basis of Cicero39。s first speech. Later, however, Cicero joined the same party as Hortensius, and the two lawyers often worked together in court.JKish基什Gupta Dynasty笈多王朝Gupta Dynasty(320550?),lineofrulers of ancient India. Among the most important of India’s early unifiers, the dynasty controlled an empire stretching across north India at its peak in the 5th century.Gilgamesh Epic吉爾伽美什史詩(shī)Gilgamesh Epic, an important Middle Eastern literary work, written in cuneiform on 12 clay tablets about 2000 bc. This heroic poem is named for its hero, Gilgamesh, a tyrannical Babylonian king who ruled the city of Uruk, known in the Bible as Erech (now Al Warkā’, Iraq).Canaan迦南Canaan, in the Old Testament, designation of the land to the west of the Jordan River, later known as Palestine, and the name of the reputed ancestor of the Canaanites, the original inhabitants of that land. The Israelites gradually conquered and occupied this territory during the 2nd millennium bc or earlier. It was probably the Canaanites who gave the Israelites the language now known as Hebrew.Kanishka迦膩色迦Kanishka (1st century ad), most famous emperor of the Kushāna dynasty who ruled much of northern India, modern Afghanistan, and other lands of Central Asia, and brought the great Kushāna culture of Gandhara to its peak. Carthage迦太基Carthage (ancient city)(LatinCarthago)great city of antiquity, on the northern coast of Africa, near modern Tunis, Tunisia. Dido was the legendary founder and queen of Carthage。 the city was probably established as a trading post toward the end of the 9th century BC by Phoenicians. The earliest artifacts unearthed by archaeologists at the site date from 800 BC. The city was known to its Punic or Phoenician inhabitants as the “new city,” probably to distinguish it from Utica, the “old city.” Built on a peninsula jutting into the Gulf of Tunis, Carthage had two splendid harbors, connected by a canal. Above the harbors on a hill was the Byrsa, a walled fortress.Cato the Elder老加圖Cato the Elder, full name Marcus Porcius Cato (234149 bc), Roman statesman and writer. Cato is also remembered as the first to write a prose history of Rome, Origines. Only small portions of the work are extant. His De Agri Cultura, a treatise on farming, is the oldest surviving prose work in Latin.Cato the Younger小加圖Cato the Younger, full name Marcus Porcius Cato (9546 bc), Roman statesman, the greatgrandson of Cato the Elder, born in Rome. His conduct in his first important public office, that of quaestor in 65 bc, gave him a reputation for frugality and honesty. An ardent opponent of the triumvirate, Cato resisted Pompey the Great when the latter returned from his victories in the East to demand land for his veterans, a step that had bee the means of building a personal following. In 60 he also opposed the candidacy of Julius Caesar for the consulship. Cato39。s influence was so great that the leaders prising the First Triumvirate, Pompey, Caesar, and Marcus Crassus, sent him on a twoyear mission to Cyprus to remove him from active politics. During the civil war between Caesar and Pompey in 49, Cato sided with Pompey. He attempted unsuccessfully to