【正文】 se of the failure to apply old quantum theory to molecular systems – There existed a clear desire to revolutionize the concepts of the time ?From 19241927 Heisenberg worked on his version of the quantum model ?Of note are his ?operators?, which have the unusual property that the order of multiplication matters (A*B≠B*A usually) ?We now know this is usually the case when A and B are (n x n) matrices, n1, and * is standard matrix multiplication ?The new math seemed mysterious yet worked extremely well, seemed promising….and for real there were no other alternatives ?This new math is discrete (as opposed to continuous) which appealed to and suited well New School?s understanding of the nature of the atom Team ?Old School?, turn right ? Einstein, Louis de Broglie, and Schrodinger ? Not as closed at Team New School ? Considered the continuous wave as the basic physical entity subject to a causal description ? Team Old School avoids the notion of discontinuity and other radical ideas…making them team Old School Einstein?s influence ? Einstein views the foundational questions of physics (such as relativity, quantum theory, unified field theory) as the search for a rational, causal reasoning which can be prehended in terms of objective reality…which suggests a continuity of basic physical processes ? In 1909 Einstein used Blackbody radiation to show the radiation exhibited wave and particle behaviors ? However after showing that the direction a molecule has after emitting radiation is left to chance, Einstein proclaimed it a mistake of the theory De Broglie ? In 1923 he started the theory of wave mechanics to try to understand the dual nature of a photon ? Interested in the dual nature of light, proposed a model of a particle that followed the trajectory determined by its associated waves ? De Broglie turned mathematical analogy between waves and particles into theory ? Later Schr246。dinger gave a plausibility argument for his wave equation Review ? New School – From Copenhagen school – ?Discontinuous? school – Saw need to revolutionize current principles ? Old School – Not From Copenhagen school – ?Continuous? school – Committed to continuous wave as basic physical entity subject to causal description Fight! ? The 2 quantum theories did not coexist long ? Their collision lead to the eventual consistent interpretation of quantum mechanics ? We will now see how the Copenhagen (Old School) interpretation established dominance over all other lesser versions of quantum theory Philosophy actual effects something! ? Old school is from an older generation which is less likely to accept philosophical ideas such as indeterminism and randomness in nature ? New School more willing to accept radical theories, such as indeterminism and unusual atomic motions Subatomic Kombat ? Heisenberg?s Matrix mechanics had no physical interpretation, but worked quite well. ? Heisenberg thought classical mechanics could not be changed in order to make sense of quantum phenomena without destroying the theory, hence the need for a new theory ? Heisenberg bothered by Schr246。dinger unique formalism concerned with continuous, causal, visible properties ? But it turns out Matrix Mechanics and Wave Mechanics Formalisms are Mathematically Equivalent! The Race is On ? There became a great push to determine the correct interpretation of Matrix Mechanics ? For calculation purposes many scientist were adopting the WaveMechanics model ? Heisenberg had personal ambitions and could not let Old School steal his subatomic thunder ? For the love of god the fate of the direction of theoretical physics was at stake!!! ? New School worked together in Copenhagen as a team to push the matrix mechanics model ? Heisenberg?s uncertainty principle helped establish New School as the leading school of quantum thought ? Meanwhile Old School is doing their own thing working on individual projects ? Thus Copenhagen is able to take charge and influence a century?s worth of thought ? At the 1927 Slovay Congress, de Broglie suggested a synthesis of the wave and particle nature of matter. ? Pauli used a specific example to criticize de Broglie?s theory de Broglie and others responded poorly or not at all, leaving the Copenhagen theory to be accepted. ? Experience has shown the consistency of the Copenhagen interpretation and that fundamental atomic phenomena are discrete ? “Physical reality is whatever quantum mechanics is capable of describing” –Cushing on Borh?s thoughts ? “The subjective epistemological criterion of the need for classical concepts to describe the results of measurements” –Cushing on Copenhagen?s thoughts ? Copenhagen interpretation refers to a mon set of principles shared by a group of scientists who follow Bohr. ? Differences between Old School should be clear ? New School was by no means in total agreement over quantum theory ? The next presentation will explain this!! Works Cited: ? Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia ? Philosophical Concepts In Physics – James Cushing ? From XRays to Quarks – Emilio Segr233