【正文】 0. 概括： in general, in most cases, on the whole, generally speaking, as a rule 11. 相關(guān)： as for, as far as X is concerned, it follows that, with regard to ?example 3. 具體的事例 例證常用結(jié)構(gòu)： for example, for instance, such as, namely, take () as an instance/ for example, a case in point, to illustrate… Example 1 1. The spelling and meaning of words can be said to be the first difficulty I met as a beginner, but I found my own way of dealing with them. As to spelling, I never copied a new word again and again to remember it, but tried to find its letters in the sound. … But as to learning its meaning, I often put the word in a sentence of my own. … Example 2 2. People say that superstitions are all nonsense, but I think there are some things that you must take notice of. For example, my uncle, who was a test pilot, was killed in a plane crash on Friday the 13th, on a trip which my aunt begged him not to take. Exercise 1 1. It is often asked which of the two sexes is superior. There is conclusive evidence of the superiority of the male/ female sex in all significant respects. Possible answer For example, men are much physically stronger than women, and as a consequence can carry greater weights, run faster, and make longer sustained efforts. Men too, do not bee emotionally involved in a situation as women do, as a result of which, they are less prejudiced and do not make biased decisions. This gives them the advantage of being able to assess situations objectively, to see what is required and do it. Exercise 2 Write two relevant supporting statements for the following topic. Everybody should retire at 50. Possible answers 1. Nowadays more and more people begin to have chronic diseases in their 40s. 2. Today’s people have much working pressure and intension. 4. 恰當(dāng)?shù)囊? 1. Example : Solomon said: “Spare the rod and spoil the child.” Children do not change. They are the same now as they were in his time. 2. Exercise: Write a short paragraph to support an argument by using the following quotations. (1) All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. (2) It is very easy to give up smoking. I’ve done it dozens of times. (Mark Twain) (3) Lectures are an economic way of giving information to a large number of students. (4) School uniforms are an excellent idea. 4. 恰當(dāng)?shù)囊? 3. Possible answers: (1) Nobody can work 24/7. Like the proverb goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. It may not only make him less efficient but also damage his health. (2) Smoking is really difficult to give up once you are addicted to it. Mark Twain once said, it is very easy to give up smoking. I’ve done it dozens of times. So the best way to give it up is to never make contact with it. (3) It is said that lectures are an economic way of giving information to a large number of students. It is truly the case. Today most of the universities in and abroad have taken this method which gives the university authorities a good reason to arrange big classes and enlarge their enrollment. (4) How should we evaluate school uniforms? Someone believes that it is a good idea while I am quite against it because it may influence pupils’ creativity and make the school campus like a cluster of ants. 5. 權(quán)威的數(shù)據(jù) 1. Examples: (1) Recent referents in The New Scientist indicate that lung cancer is ten times higher among smokers than nonsmokers. (2) According to statistics published recently in China, up to 55% of fatal road accidents involve alcohol. (3) As Professor Hones points out, in an increasingly technological society, some form of tertiary training is fast being essential. 2. Differences between mentioning a source and citing a quotation (1) Direct vs. indirect (2) Exact vs. approximate (3) Real vs. fictive 5. 權(quán)威的數(shù)據(jù) 3. What kinds of sources can be mentioned? (1) Articles or reports in newspapers or magazines (2) Public opinion poll (3) Official statistics (4) Scientific discoveries (5) Remarks of an authority 5. 權(quán)威的數(shù)據(jù) 4. Patterns: (1) According to a recent article in China Daily that … (2) The results of a recent public opinion poll revealed that… (3) According to statistics published recently in China… (4) The work of scientists in this country confirmed the view that… (5) Official reports indicate that… (6) Studies in this field have shown that… (7) The New Scientist recently highlighted the findings that… (8) An example of this is given by Prof. Wang, from Beijing University, which indicates that… 5. 權(quán)威的數(shù)據(jù) 5. Exercise: How to mention a fictive source? Some people think that teachers should be responsible for teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Some say that teachers should only teach students about academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion. 5. 權(quán)威的數(shù)據(jù) 6. Remended Answer: Professor Liu, a famous philosopher in Nanjing University, once argued that the knowledge a teacher gives to his/her students can be divided into the following three hierarchical categories, known as academic knowledge, research methodology and the proper way one behaves in the society, among which the last one would definitely ranks most significantly for students. 6. 細(xì)密的分類 1. Categorization: a method generally used at the beginning of an argumentation or paragraph indicating the intension of a concept. 2. Commonly used words in categorization: category, classification, kind, sort, type/ divide, classify, categorize, etc. 6. 細(xì)密的分類 3. Example: Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of munication. Generally, the expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a languag