【正文】 ologues. ? He is realistic, much concerned with presenting facts and analyzing human psychology. ? He is optimistic and believes in the progress of mankind. Elizabeth Barrett Browning (18061861) ? When she was 15, a fall from her horse injured her spine and from then on she became a helpless invalid confined to her own room. She was a lady of great natural abilities, reading Homer in the original Greek and reading the Bible in Hebrew. ? In 1843 appeared her poem Cry of the Children, which exposes the criminal system of childlabor prevailing in the 19th century England. ? When she first met Browning, she was a betterknown poetess and 6 years older than he. ? In 1846 they eloped, were secretly married and went to Italy. They lived chiefly in Florence for 15 years in ideal happiness. Their love affair was a famous story in English literary history. ? During their courtship she wrote a collection of love poems, published under the title of Sons From the Portuguese. Mrs. Browning remained a radical in her views on society and politics. How Do I Love Thee? 我是怎樣地愛你 ? 我是怎樣地愛你？訴不盡萬語千言： ? 我愛你的程度是那樣地高深和廣遠， ? 怡似我的靈魂曾飛到了九天與黃泉， ? 去探索人生的奧妙，和神靈的恩典。 ? 無論是白晝還是夜晚，我愛你不息， ? 像我每日必需的攝生食物不能間斷。 ? 我純潔地愛你，不為奉承吹捧迷惑， ? 我勇敢地愛你，如同為正義而奮爭！ ? 愛你，以昔日的劇痛和童年的忠誠， ? 愛你，以眼淚、笑聲及全部的生命。 ? 要是沒有你，我的心早就失去了圣賢， ? 要是沒有你，我的心早就失去了激情。 ? 假如上帝愿意，請為我作主和見證： ? 在我死后，我必將愛你更深，更深！ Chapter 5 the Rossettis and Swinburne ? 1. Dante Gabriel Rossetti ? The PreRaphaelite Brotherhood(拉斐爾前派兄弟會 ) ? Poems by D. G. Rossetti ? Ballads and Sons ? The House of Life ? 2. Christina Geina Rossetti ? Goblin Market and Other Poems ? Song ? 拉斐爾前派注重對畫中人物心理情緒的表達，較多畫面以青、紫、綠調子構成感傷的、靜寂的意境 …… ? 拉斐爾前派 是興起于十九世紀中期英國畫壇上的一個新畫派。 ? 1848年，由英國青年畫家羅塞蒂 , 漢特 , 米雷等人 , 發(fā)起成立了“拉斐爾前派兄弟團”，他們之所以定名為“拉斐爾前派”是認為文藝復興全盛時期以前的詩歌和藝術是那么盡善盡美。 ? 因認為真正（宗教）藝術存在于拉斐爾之前，企圖發(fā)揚拉斐爾以前的藝術來挽救英國繪畫而得名。得到藝術評論家羅斯金的支持。 ? 主張繪畫應起宗教道德教育作用，題材應以圣經(jīng)故事及富于基督教思想的文學作品為主，忠實地反映主題，描繪對象。 ? 畫風審慎而細致，用色較清新 ,反對院派的陳規(guī)。有的作品呈現(xiàn)憂郁的情調。 ? 代表人物：伯恩．瓊斯 (BurneJones Edward，18331898) 等。 ? 拉斐爾前派后期的唯美主義很多人都認為俗 . 英國唯美主義的繪畫 ,在追求為藝術而藝術 , 他們以十九世紀法國文學為先驅 , 將藝術道德標準分離出來 , 強調美就是最好的 , 他們不重視內容 , 只訴諸感覺形式 . ? 唯美主義包括古希臘雕刻的情趣 , 十九世紀初從雅典運來的巴特農(nóng)神壇上的古希臘美女雕刻被大英博物館收藏 , 英國人第一次接觸到古希臘古典大師的作品 , 這給十九世紀末英國藝術家很大的影響 , 特別是女性理想美和肉體表現(xiàn)方法 . 1. Naturalism: 自然主義 Emile Zola (18401902), Henry James (18431916), Gee Gissing Thomas Hardy Chapter 7 literary trends at the end of the 19th century Naturalism ? Naturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century. ? Literature should be true to life and exactly reproduce real life, including all its details without any selection. ? Usually write about the lives of the poor and oppressed, or the slum life ? Can only represent the external appearance instead of the inner essence of real life ? a higher form of realism Features of Naturalism ? The naturalists went beyond the realists? insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life and insisted that materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is biological creature controlled by his environment and heredity. ? The naturalistic writings are more serious and pessimistic. ? 2. NeoRomanticism ? A new literary trend prevailing at the end of the 19th century, which laid emphasis upon the invention of exciting adventures and fascinating stories to entertain the reading public. ? Storytelling and romance ? Robert Louis Stevenson Robert Louis Stevenson ? His romances: ? Treasure Island ? Kidnapped ? The Black Arrow ? The Master of Ballantrae 巴倫特雷 (在英國 ) ? … 3. Aestheticism ? It began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. ? The theory of “art for art?s sake” ? Swinburne in English literature declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social end, nor any end except itself. ? Aestheticists trying to separate art from real life, paid little attention to its social and moral obligations. Aestheticism ? Essence of “art for art?s sake‖: ? Beauty is the purpose of art。 the ultimate and highest and absolute goal. ? The purpose of art is found in art itself or beauty of art, not in truth ? Art is above life. ? The most outstanding representative of aestheticists in English literature is Oscar Wilde.