【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ing musical quality. The word lyric derives from the Greek word for lyre. Rhyme Scheme and Meter Lines 2 and 4 of each stanza have end rhyme. The meter in the poem varies, but the anapestic抑抑揚格的 foot creates the musicality of the poem, as in the following lines: iamb anapest anapest iamb But O| for the TOUCH | of a VAN | ished HAND, anapest. anapest anapest And the SOUND| of a VOICE| that is STILL! Rhetorical Devices ? Following are examples of figures of speech and other rhetorical devices in Break, Break, Break: ? Apostrophe [?’p?str?fi]書寫中撇號 (Lines 1 and 2): ? The narrator addresses the sea. Personification and metaphor also occur in Lines 1 and 2, for the poet regards the sea as a human being. Alliteration (Line 8): boat on the bay (Lines 912): Stanza 3 uses this figure of speech as follows: And the stately ships go on To their haven under the hill。 But O for the touch of a vanished hand, And the sound of a voice that is still! (Line 15): day that is dead Repetend: Line 13 repeats Line 1。 Line 7 repeats the first two words of Line 5. Paradox: Touch of a vanished hand (Line 11), sound of a voice that is still (Line 12). Themes ? 1. Grief ? The main theme is bereavement [bi?ri:vm?nt] 喪失（尤指親友） , heartache, emptiness. In the narrator39。s dark hour of grief, the sun rises, children laugh, business goes on as usual. How could the world be so cruel and unfeeling? ? 2. Preciousness of Youth ? Tennyson39。s friend, Arthur Hallam, was only 22 when he died. The shock of Hallam39。s death impressed upon Tennyson how priceless youth is. To underscore this idea, and to express the agony he suffers at the loss of young Hallam, Tennyson presents images of youthful joy: the fisherman39。s son playing with his sister and the sailor lad singing in the bay. ? 3. Indifference of Nature ? Nature continues to function according to its rhythms and cycles regardless of what happens, good or bad, to human beings. ? The sun may shine and the birds may sing in the middle of the bloodiest of battles. And the sea will rise and fall in a defiant, unrelenting rhythm that refuses to acknowledge tragedy in the everyday life of average men. ? Tennyson laments this cold indifference in Break, Break, Break. Summary ? The narrator grieves the loss of his friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, a promising poet and essayist who had been engaged to Tennyson39。s sister, Emily. Hallam died of a stroke in 1833. ? Nature, of course, does not stop to mourn the loss of anyone. Cold and indifferent, it carries on, the waves of the ocean breaking against rocks along the seashore without pausing even for a moment. The rest of the world carries on as well: the fisherman39。s boy happily playing with his sister, the sailor merrily singing, the ship busily plying the waters of merce. ? Downcast, isolated by his grief, the narrator yearns to touch the hand of his friend once more, to hear the sound of his voice. But, no, Hallam is gone forever。 his tender grace will never again return. Such contrast is very mon to classical Chinese poems. A proper phrase to describe such contrast is ―物是人非 ” （ The things are still there but men are no more the same ones). Here are some examples. Ah, generations have e and passed away From year to year the moons look alike, old and new. We do not know tonight for whom she sheds her ray, But hear the river say to its water adieu. 人生代代無窮已，江月年年望相似。 不知江月照何人，但見長江送流水。 張若虛， 《 春江花月夜 》 Last year I came to view the moon with my peers, But where are they, now that the scene is like last year’s? 同來望月人何在，風景依稀似去年。 趙嘏， 《 江樓感舊 》 ? A Poem Written in a Village South of the Capital ? Today last year inside this door, dink ? peach blossoms reflected a girl’s face pink. ? But the girl’s face is nowhere to find ? while blossoms are smiling in a spring wind. ? 題都城南莊 崔護 ? 去年今日此門中， 人面桃花 相映紅。 ? 人面不知何處去，桃花依舊笑春風。 Crossing the Bar 《 過沙洲 》 1. The speaker uses a metaphor of a sand bar to describe the barrier between life and death. ① Stanza 1: the speaker hears he is being called in the setting of the sun and the rise of the evening star. He hopes the ocean will not make the mournful sound of waves beating against a sand bar when he sets out to sea.