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to munity. At very low levels of disturbance the munity is dominated by a few climax species. Very severe of repeated disturbance may have an impact on the physical or edaphic environment and alter the munity pletely. Effects of disturbance on species richness 干擾對物種豐富度的作用 干擾可增加群落的物種多樣性,因?yàn)樗茏柚股贁?shù)競爭力強(qiáng)的物種成為優(yōu)勢,使其他物種有機(jī)會入侵。如果某個地方的種群,由于干擾而不斷減少,此地的競爭排斥就可能使那些本來相互競爭的物種停止競爭,而共存在一起。 中度干擾假說 當(dāng)干擾為新物種創(chuàng)造了可移殖的斷層的時候,物種多樣性趨向最大。但這種干擾強(qiáng)度和頻率均低于物種移殖的速度,因而在更大的群落中不會導(dǎo)致物種數(shù)的下降。如果干擾小,群落會被一些頂級物種統(tǒng)治。如果干擾很強(qiáng)并經(jīng)常發(fā)生,就會對物理或土壤環(huán)境造成影響,從而完全改變?nèi)郝洹? Localized disturbance of a munity creates gaps which can then be colonized by individuals of the same or another species. Potentially, peting species may not encounter one another because of the stochastic nature of gap colonization, allowing speciesrich munities to persist. In a late successional munity such as a forest, gaps undergo a minisuccession resulting in a mosaic of patches at different stages of succession. Patch dynamics 斑塊動態(tài) 群落的局部性干擾產(chǎn)生了許多斷層,相同的或不同的物種個體就乘機(jī)移殖到這些斷層上來。由于物種移殖到哪個斷層是隨機(jī)的,因此相互競爭的物種可能不會在同一斷層上相遇。這樣就會使物種豐富的群落生存下來。在晚期演替群落中,如森林群落,斷層經(jīng)歷了一個微型演替( minisuccession)的過程,因此形成了一個由處于不同演替階段的各類斑塊組成的鑲嵌體。 In some munities it seems that all species are equally good colonizers and are equally matched petitively. Here patch colonization is a matter of chance alone. This is the situation in some reef fish munities. Diversity is high because on one species is more likely to colonize than any other. A similar situation exists in chalk grassland munities England. Foundercontrolled munities Related topics Succession (R1) 建設(shè)者控制 群落 在有些群落中,所有的物種似乎都移殖的不錯,彼此在競爭上不分優(yōu)劣。斑塊移殖只是個別現(xiàn)象而已。有些珊瑚礁魚群落就是如此,由于沒有哪一個物種比任何其他物種更喜歡移殖,所以多樣性高。在英國的Chalk草地群落中就存在著相似的情況。 相關(guān)主題 演 替(見 R1) 課后思考 ? 分析討論我國實(shí)行退耕還林、還草、還湖,退牧還草政策的理論依據(jù)和現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。