【導讀】部分，也是整個教學實踐的重要環(huán)節(jié)之一。其任務(wù)是對選定的畢業(yè)設(shè)計題目進。行具體的、有針對性的參觀、考察和收集資料。廣泛收集材料，為畢業(yè)設(shè)計打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。了解畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題在國內(nèi)外已達到的狀況和發(fā)展趨向。學生在熟悉和了解畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂調(diào)研計劃和提綱?；蚋髡n題組根據(jù)畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）進展。毀的美麗的樹林和長久維持樹木質(zhì)量的計劃。益相關(guān)者參與度的全面評估。植物園目前已經(jīng)發(fā)展成一個展示各種植物以及理想化的生態(tài)棲息地的場地。分之四十八，而且出現(xiàn)了顯著的外來物種。在討論會上，相關(guān)人士確定。率的場地具體情況。學科團隊用GIS和現(xiàn)場分析進行研究。

　　

【正文】 e inspiration for the visual arts, also emphasized the use of circular geometry rather than the socalled naturalistic here, the individual imagination 安徽建筑大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計成果 1 18 bines the functions of caring modernist sound art to think about the social elements of the modern landscape as a creative opportunity, rather than constraints, and create a unique landscape art in the role of the environment reestablished and this time the art is designed to encourage, rather than a priori form of domination. 3 Conclusion After a century in both the arts and sciences extension and development of modern American landscape architecture has its own characteristics in their social and ecological scale and traditional garden set aside the watershed, in the constant expansion and change has be e the values of a diverse multiprofessional , the nature of human perception of the media, three potential concern for landscape architecture aesthetic, environmental and social, in the United States in the development of modern landscape architecture, and not weakened over time, on the contrary, emphasized the human landscape harmony with nature, emphasizing social justice embodied in the landscape, emphasizing the spiritual landscape in the joy of the people want more and more clear as the cornerstone of which constitute its value small scale to large garden courtyard and streetscale national parks, the care of their value in practice may be different emphasis, but each design is a good balance of these three values and prehensive, not just designorienteda simple form or function to , as China39。s economic development, our city building and landscape design and practice into a highspeed development period, but the petent departments of landscape architecture education, integrated with the mess and ignored the separation of landscape architectural practice so that we kaleidoscope reality that can not be sure what we are or how we should call ourselves architects, landscape architects, environmental designers?Shallow emerging formalized, the lack of real concern for people and the environment arbitrary landscape design, landscape architecture, deeply reflects the value of our concern for poor and pale, in our landscape architecture are still full of confusion and chaos when . founder of modern landscape architecture, Olmsted, and many American pioneer of modern landscape architecture theme insists to create sustainable, and his life and just the landscape, 安徽建筑大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計成果 1 19 and give a clear idea as to imagine that form, may be able to give us much encouragement and thrust of modern landscape architecture in the United States to pursue a century, may be the same with us into the modern landscape architecture in the next century. References Ahern, . 1999. Barriers, opportunities, strategies, and models for the application of landscape ecology in landscape planning and design. Abstract, 5th IALEWorld Congress, Snowmass, CO,USA. , M. 1999. Landscape ecology: from concepts and methodology towards applications in environmental and spatial planning. Plenary adress, 5th IALEWorld Congress, Snowmass, CO, , O. 1998a. The assessment of landscape functions – one precondition to define management goals. Ekol243。gia (Bratislava) 17 (Supplement): 19– 33. , O. 1998b. Landscapeecological goals as guiding principles to maintain biodiversity at different planning scapes. Ekol 243。 gia (Bratislava) 17: 49– 61. , O. and R246。der, M. 1998. Assessment of landscape change by land evaluation of past and present situation. Landsc. Urban Planning 41: 171– 182. , O. and Schreiber, . 1999. Analyse und 246。kologische Bewertung der Landschaft. Spektrum, Heidelberg, Germany. , O., Bastian, O. and R246。der, M. 1994. Entwicklung und Stand der geographischen Landschaftsforschung in Kuba. Petermanns Geograph. Mitt. 138: 235– 244. , W. 1983. Beitr228。ge zur Komplementarit228。t. Abhandl. D. S228。chs. Akad. d. Wiss., . Klasse 55. , ., SalinasChavez, E. and Rodriguez, M. 1999. Landscape ecology – geographical orientation or an interdisciplinary research 安徽建筑大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計成果 1 20 programme in Cuba and Mexico. Abstract, 5th IALEWorld Congress, Snowmass, CO, USA. 景觀生態(tài)學卷。 （ 1996） SPB 學術(shù) F39。ublishing BV，阿姆斯特丹 美國現(xiàn)代景觀建筑學發(fā)展的回顧與思索 ， “， . Timmins2， 。 Jackson3， . Jones4，. Riitters“和 JD Wickham6環(huán)境科學部，橡樹嶺國家實驗室，橡樹嶺 TN37830。 2Analysas 公司，橡 樹嶺， TN。 3Computing 應(yīng) 用事 業(yè)部， 橡樹嶺 國家實 驗室 。 4EnvironmentalProtection 局，拉斯維加斯， NK5Tennessee 谷作者 @，諾里斯，TN。 6Desert 研究所，里諾 摘要： 新世紀到底來了，世紀之交，百年替換乃至千年替換其實都在一瞬間，在這一瞬之后，美國現(xiàn)代景觀建筑學專業(yè)也走過了一個不平凡的世紀。在逝去的百余年里，美國現(xiàn)代景觀建筑學的產(chǎn)生與發(fā)展引導了現(xiàn)代景觀建筑學的走向，并且?guī)缀鹾w了所有的探索。因此我們希望通過對其的回顧和思考，能有所啟示和借鑒。 關(guān)鍵詞： 景觀建筑學 拓展 專業(yè)實踐 自然主義風格 生態(tài)理論 拓展 工業(yè)革命給社會帶來的變革巨大而深遠，到了 19 世紀，被稱為 美國景觀建筑學之父 的 F. L. Olmsted 和英國建筑師 Vaux 設(shè)計的紐約中央公園 (1858年 )的建造，標志著普通人生活景觀的到來。以此為起點，景觀建筑學從此走上獨立的道路，并隨著美國社會的現(xiàn)代和民主進程，逐漸從傳統(tǒng)的極少選擇范圍的專業(yè)變成為幾乎涉及人類生活世界所有尺度的學科；在短短扎一個多世紀中 ，人類的景觀體驗在幾個維度上大大拓展了。 安徽建筑大學畢業(yè)設(shè)計成果 1 21 以一系列作為和理想象征的城市公園 (1865 年費城的費蒙公園、 1870 年舊金山的金山公園、 1871 年芝加哥的城南公園等 )而開始的現(xiàn)代景觀建筑實踐，在奧姆斯特德等先驅(qū)的倡導下，堅持從城市和國土的整體角度出發(fā)，使現(xiàn)代景觀建筑學的專業(yè)實踐范疇一開始便定位；包括城市公園和綠地系統(tǒng)、城鄉(xiāng)景觀道路系統(tǒng)、居住區(qū)、校園、地產(chǎn)開發(fā)和國家公園的規(guī)劃設(shè)計管理的廣闊領(lǐng)域中。隨著社會的發(fā)展和人類對自然認識的不斷擴大，景觀建筑學的實踐領(lǐng)域進一步擴展到整個人居環(huán)境中?，F(xiàn) 代視野中景觀建筑學逐漸明確的是實踐范疇的全然改變，當然傳統(tǒng)的小尺度的私人花園和園林設(shè)計仍然繼續(xù)，而諸如大地生態(tài)規(guī)劃、區(qū)域景觀保護與規(guī)劃、國土景觀資源的調(diào)查評價與保護管理這些專業(yè)實踐使景觀建筑學在更為廣泛的層面和更為公共的尺度上操作。時至今日，作為人類社會遙漸遠離自然的環(huán)境回答，景觀建筑學絕不再是建筑庭院的放大版本，而是一個實踐主題幾乎涵蓋人與自然環(huán)境關(guān)系的萬方面面的實踐學科，其理論方法與社會責任也隨之拓展和改變了。 美國現(xiàn)代景觀建筑從中央公園起，就已不再是少數(shù)人所賞玩的奢 侈品，而是普通公眾身心再生的空間。景觀走入普通人的生活，滿足普通人的渴求，應(yīng)當說這是現(xiàn)代社會與民主的給予?，F(xiàn)代景觀建筑的社會化使得現(xiàn)代景觀建筑學有了實實在在的生活根基，有了持續(xù)不斷的生機與活力。而隨著人類工業(yè)化與城市化的進程使得自然生態(tài)環(huán)境日益惡化，人類自身的生存和延續(xù)也受到威脅。在當代社會給予環(huán)境問題以突出地位的視點下，現(xiàn)代景觀建筑學不再局限于某一群人為服務(wù)對象，而是將人類視作一個與其他物種相依存的、本身有著多種文化存在的自然系統(tǒng)中的一分子，