【正文】 五、案例分析題（ 14分） ，男， 19歲，聾、啞人，系某聾啞學(xué)校高中三年級(jí)學(xué)生。 2021年 11月某日孫某強(qiáng)奸了其同班女同學(xué)王某。某區(qū)人民檢察 院將孫某起訴至法院。開庭前，法院在向被告人孫某送達(dá)起訴書副本時(shí)，告知他可以委托辯護(hù)人為其辯護(hù)。被告人孫某不愿增加家庭負(fù)擔(dān)，表示不委托辯護(hù)人。區(qū)法院準(zhǔn)許，并記錄在案。區(qū)人民法院后公開開庭審理了此案。 請(qǐng)回答：區(qū)人民法院在審理本案的程序中存在哪些問題？并闡述法律依據(jù)和理由。 答： 法院在審理本案的程序中存在的問題有： (1)沒有為聾、啞人指定辯護(hù)人。（ 3分） 我國(guó)刑事訴訟法第 3 條的規(guī)定，被告人是盲、聾、啞或者未成年人而沒有委托辯護(hù)人的，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)指定承擔(dān)法律援助義務(wù)的律師為其提供辯護(hù)。（ 2分） 本案中被告人孫某是聾、啞人，依照法律規(guī)定，人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)指定承擔(dān)法律援助義務(wù)的律師為其提供辯護(hù)。被告人孫某不愿增加家庭負(fù)擔(dān)，表示不委托辯護(hù)人。區(qū)法院準(zhǔn)許是違反法律規(guī)定的。（ 2分） (2)違反了公開審判的規(guī)定。（ 3分） 刑事訴訟法第一百五十二條規(guī)定，人民法院審判第一審案件應(yīng)當(dāng)公開進(jìn)行。但是有關(guān)國(guó)家秘密或者個(gè)人隱私的案件，不公開審理。（ 2分） 本案被告人孫某強(qiáng)奸了其同班女同學(xué)王某，案件涉及個(gè)人隱私，屬于不公開審理的情況。一審法院公開審理此案，嚴(yán)重違反法律規(guī)定。（ 2分） 五、案例分析題 （ 14分） 28．某區(qū)人民法院以貪污罪判處被告人汪某有期徒刑五年。某區(qū)人民檢察院不服一審判決，以量刑畸輕為由，徑直向市中級(jí)人民法院提出抗訴書。市中級(jí)人民法院受理后，依法組成合議庭，經(jīng)閱卷，認(rèn)為該案事實(shí)清楚，決定不開庭審理。 請(qǐng)回答：本案中，人民檢察院和人民法院在訴訟程序上各存在哪些問題？并請(qǐng)說明法律依據(jù)和理由。 答： (1)某區(qū)人民檢察院不能直接向市中級(jí)人民法院提出抗訴書。 (3分 ) 刑事訴訟法第一百八十五條規(guī)定，地方各級(jí)人民檢察院對(duì)同級(jí)人民法院第一審判決、裁定的抗訴，應(yīng)當(dāng)通過原審人民法院提出抗訴書。（ 2分） 本案中，某區(qū)人民檢察院不服一審判決，只能通過某區(qū)人民法院提出抗訴書，由某區(qū)法院將抗訴書及案卷材料一并移送市中級(jí)法院，而不能直接向市中級(jí)法院提出抗訴書。（ 2分） (2)市中級(jí)人民法院應(yīng)開庭審理此案。（ 3分） 刑事訴訟法第一百八十七條規(guī)定，對(duì)人民檢察院抗訴的案件，第二審人民法院應(yīng)當(dāng)開庭審理。（ 2分） 本案中，檢察院提起抗訴后，市中級(jí)人民法院受理后，應(yīng)當(dāng)開庭審理。市中級(jí)人民法院認(rèn)為該案事實(shí)清楚，就決定不開庭審理是錯(cuò)誤的。（ 2分） 1．裁定與判決的區(qū)別有： (1)在適用的對(duì)象上，判決解決案件的實(shí)體問題；裁定主要解決程序問題，只解決部分實(shí)體問題； (3 分 )‘ (2)在適用范圍上，裁定比判決要廣泛得多，判決只限于審判終結(jié)，包括第一審、第二審和依審判監(jiān)督程序再審終結(jié)時(shí)，可適用判決。而裁定則適用于整個(gè)審判或執(zhí)行程序的全過程； (3分 ) (3)在適用的方式上，判決必須用書面形式，裁定則可采用書面和口頭兩種形式； (2分 ) (4)在上訴、抗訴的期限上，不服判決的上訴、抗訴期限為 10日，不服裁定的上訴、抗訴為 5日； (2分 ) (5)數(shù)量上也不同 。一個(gè)審判程序只能有一個(gè)生效判決，卻可以有多個(gè)生效裁定。 (2分 ) 什么是刑事訴訟中的反訴？反訴有哪些條件？ 在刑事案件中可以提起反訴的情況是刑事自訴案件和刑事附帶民事訴訟。反訴是指在一個(gè)已經(jīng)開始的訴訟（訴訟法上稱為本訴）程序中，本訴的被告以本訴原告為被告，向受案的法院提出的與本訴有關(guān)的獨(dú)立反請(qǐng)求。 根據(jù)《刑訴解釋》第 206條的規(guī)定，被告人提起反訴，必須符合下列條件： 反訴的對(duì)象必須是本案的自訴人； 反訴的內(nèi)容必須是與本案有關(guān)的行為； 只有告訴才處理的案件和被害人有證據(jù)證明的輕微刑事案件的被告人 ，才可以提起反訴。第三類刑事自訴案件的被告人，不得提起反訴。 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。。?2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Ac