【正文】 的重要手段之一。 (2 )財政制度包括財政收人和財政支出兩個方面的規(guī)定。 第 一 ，財政收人最主要的來源是稅收，其次是公債。 第 二 ，財政支出主要是各級政府的支出，包括政府購買、轉(zhuǎn)移支付和政府投資。 (3) 財政 政策的運用 : 在經(jīng)濟蕭條、總需求不足時，政府要擴大商品和勞務(wù)的購買，如增加軍費開支，修筑高等級公路，建立新的福利設(shè)施，減少稅收等，以便創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機會，增加人們的可支配收。相反，在經(jīng)濟繁榮、總需求過大時，政府則減少對商品和勞務(wù)的購買數(shù)量，比如推遲某些軍事科研，壓縮或緩建一批公共工程，提高稅率，減少人們的可支配收，以便壓縮總需求，緩和通貨膨脹的壓力。 七．試述投資乘數(shù)的作用及投資乘數(shù)發(fā)生作用的條件，結(jié)合實際談?wù)劷鼛啄晖顿Y對我國經(jīng)濟增長的作用。 (1 )投資乘數(shù)指由投資變動引起的收入改變量與投資支出改變量與 政府購買支出的改變量之間的比率。其數(shù)值等于邊際儲蓄傾向的倒數(shù)。 一般地，假設(shè)投資變動△ I，國民收入將隨之變動△ Y，如果經(jīng)濟中家庭部門的邊際消費傾向為 b，那么，投資增加引起的最終國民收入的增加量為 : △ Y=△ L/1 一 b 上式 被稱為投資乘數(shù)定理，而“ K=1/1b被稱為投資乘數(shù)。投資乘數(shù)也等于邊際儲蓄傾向的倒數(shù)。 (2) 投資乘數(shù)從兩個方面發(fā)揮作用 :一方面，當投資增加時，它所引起的收人增加要大于所引起的投資增加 。另一方面，當投資減少時，它所引起的收入減少也要大于所引起的投資減少。 因此，經(jīng)濟學(xué)家常常將乘數(shù)稱作 一把“雙刃劍”。乘數(shù)的作用體現(xiàn)為 :在經(jīng)濟蕭條時增加投資可以使國民經(jīng)濟迅速走向繁榮和高漲，在經(jīng)濟繁榮時減少投資也可以使國民經(jīng)濟避免發(fā)展過熱。 (3)投資乘數(shù)要發(fā)揮作用受到一定條件的限制。一是經(jīng)濟中存在沒有得到充分利用的資 源 。二是經(jīng)濟中不存在“瓶頸部門”，或瓶頸約束程度較小。 八．試述貨幣政策內(nèi)容及應(yīng)用，并結(jié)合實際談?wù)勎覈侨绾芜\用貨幣手段進行宏觀調(diào)控的。 (1) 貨幣政策是指中央銀行運用貨幣工具來調(diào)節(jié)貨幣供給量以實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展既定目標的經(jīng)濟政策手段的總和。 (2) 貨幣政策的工具包括 :第一，公開市場業(yè)務(wù)，公 開市場業(yè)務(wù)是貨幣政策的三大工具之一。公開市場業(yè)務(wù)是指中央銀行在金融市場上公開買賣政府債券以影響貨幣供給量的貨幣政策手段。第二，再貼現(xiàn)率的含義及應(yīng)用。再貼現(xiàn)率是美國中央銀行最早運用的貨幣政策工具。通常西方國家把中央銀行給商業(yè)銀行的貸款叫做再貼現(xiàn)，把中央銀行給商業(yè)銀行的貸款利率叫做再貼現(xiàn)率。我國分別稱為再貸款和再貸款利率。第三，存款準備率的含義及應(yīng)用。商業(yè)銀行在吸收存款中要上繳一部分給中央銀行，作為存款準備金。存款準備金占商業(yè)銀行吸收存款的比例稱為存款準備率。 (3) 貨幣政策的應(yīng)用 40. 結(jié)合所學(xué)的通貨膨脹 理論， 談?wù)勎覈谕ㄘ浥蛎洰a(chǎn)生的原因及對經(jīng)濟的影響。 答 : (1)通貨膨脹一般指產(chǎn)品和勞務(wù)價格水平的普遍而持續(xù)上升。 (2) 西方經(jīng)濟學(xué)家認為造成通貨膨脹的原因有 : 第一，需求拉動的通貨膨脹 :是指社會總需求增長過快所引起的→般價格水平的普遍而持續(xù)上漲。 第二，成本推進通貨膨脹 z 是指在沒有超額需求的條件下，由于供給方面成本的提高所引起的價格水平的普遍持續(xù)上漲，成本推進的通貨膨脹包括三種類型 z 工資過度上漲 3 利潤過度增加 。進口商品價格上漲。 第三 ,需求拉動和成本推動混合型通貨膨脹 z 是指在現(xiàn)實生活中，需求拉動和成 本推動的作用常?；旌显谝黄?，所以形成混合型通貨膨脹。 第四，結(jié)構(gòu)型通貨膨脹 :是指在供求基本平衡條件下，由于個別關(guān)鍵性商品比例失調(diào)，或者由于經(jīng)濟部門發(fā)展不平衡而引起的通貨膨脹。 (3) 聯(lián)系實際部分。 (8 分 ) 您好，為你提供優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文參考資料，請您刪除以下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。。?A large group of tea merchants on camels and horses from Northwest China39。s Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu39。s Zhangye city during their journey to Kazakhstan, May 5, 2021. The caravan, consisting of more than 100 camels, three horsedrawn carriages and four support vehicles, started the trip from Jingyang county in Shaanxi on Sept 19, 2021. It will pass through Gansu province and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, and finally arrive in Almaty, formerly known as AlmaAta, the largest city in Kazakhstan, and Dungan in Zhambyl province. The trip will cover about 15,000 kilometers and take the caravan more than one year to plete. The caravan is expected to return to Jingyang in March 2021. Then they will e back, carrying specialty products from Kazakhstan A small art troupe founded six decades ago has grown into a household name in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region. In the 1950s, Ulan Muqir Art Troupe was created by nine young musicians, who toured remote villages on horses and performed traditional Mongolian music and dances for nomadic families. The 54yearold was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 39。80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn39。t help but sing the folk songs, Nasun says. The vastness of Inner Mongolia and the lack of entertainment options for people living there, made their lives lonely. The nomadic people were very excited about our visits, Nasun recalls. We didn39。t have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isn39。t just about sharing art with nomadic families but also about gaining inspiration for the music and dance. Ulan Muqir literally translates as red burgeon, and today39。s performers of the troupe still tour the region39。s villages and entertain nomadic families, but their fame has spread around the world. On May 16 and 17, nearly 100 singers and dancers from the troupe performed at Beijing39。s Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupe39。s president, who is also a renowned tenor, tells China Daily. During a tour in 1985, he went to a village and met an elderly local man, who told him a story about his friendship with a solider from Shenyang, capital of Northeast China39。s Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has bined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25yearold khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a sixmember band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writes－ all while playing the horsehead fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sa le rate showed a downturn this year. In the ―Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight‖ session at China Guardian 2021 spring auctio