【正文】 比得到的，其中資本總額等于核心資本、附屬資本之和再扣除某些項目。但目前我國對銀行資本的定義及范圍與國際標準也有一定差異，必然會影響到在實踐中運用該比率分析銀行盈利能力大小的效能。第三，安全性指標體系中，資本充足率是衡量銀行以自有資本抵御經(jīng)營風險能力的關鍵性 指標，也是中央銀行實施金融監(jiān)管的焦點所在。 該比率能否如實反映銀行運營情況，取決于兩方面因素：一方面有賴于財務制度和審計制度的健全；另一方面若銀行和企業(yè)的關系未理順，銀行不具備獨立于企業(yè)的地位，反而有這樣那樣的密切聯(lián)系，就可能會使外在表現(xiàn)出來的資本充足率比真實比率來得更高。這一指標的缺陷包括它可能迫使銀行以資本為經(jīng)營目標，追求高回報并向非信貸業(yè)務轉移，而資產(chǎn)的多樣化會進一步加大計算和報告資本水平的難度。此外 ,以信用風險為主的該比率缺乏彈性，不能代替充分信息的市場判斷，不能避免道德危害、銀行危機和系 統(tǒng)性風險，還會抑制銀行投資。 23 簡述我國商業(yè)銀行的法律責任。 法律責任是違法行為人依法必然承擔的責任，亦即違法行為在法律上的后果?！吨腥A人民共和國商業(yè)銀行法》所規(guī)定的法律責任就是商業(yè)銀行、商業(yè)銀行工作人員和其他有關組織、個人違反這部法律的義務性規(guī)定所應承擔的法律后果。 《中華人民共和國商業(yè)銀行法》規(guī)定的法律責任有民事法律責任、刑事法律責任和行政法律責任三種法律責任。 (1)民事法律責任。民事法律責任是因為違反民事法律義務，依法應當承擔的一種法律責任。民事法律責任以恢復被損害人被 損害的權利為目的，因此承擔民事法律責任的形式通常表現(xiàn)為財產(chǎn) (主要是貨幣 )賠償?！吨腥A人民共和國商業(yè)銀行法》的第七十三條就規(guī)定了商業(yè)銀行對存款人或者其他客戶造成財產(chǎn)損害時所應承擔的民事責任。 (2)刑事法律責任。刑事法律責任是因為違反刑事法律義務，依法應當承擔的一種法律責任。需要承擔刑事責任的違法行為是嚴重侵害法律所保護的社會關系，具有較大的社會危害的行為。在《中華人民共和國商業(yè)銀行法》中規(guī)定的承擔刑事責任的具體方式有拘役、有期徒刑、無期徒刑和罰金。 (3)行政法律責任。行政法律責任是因為違反行 政管理法律義務，依法應當承擔的一種法律責任。行政法律規(guī)范調(diào)整的是國家行政機關與管理相對人之間的關系。《中華人民共和國商業(yè)銀行法》中關于金融監(jiān)管的規(guī)定調(diào)整的是作為中央銀行的人民銀行與其監(jiān)管的商業(yè)銀行之間的關系。行政法律責任與民事和刑事法律責任一個重要的不同之處，就是對行政法律責任的掌握及對由此產(chǎn)生的行政制裁的確定是國家行政機關，而不是司法機關。《中華人民共和國商業(yè)銀行法》對行政法律責任部分按行政處罰和紀律處分分別作說明，具體方式有：改正違法行為；沒收違法所得；罰款；停業(yè)整頓；吊銷營業(yè)許可證。 24 請您刪除 一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復習考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf233。 where dinner and afternoon tea are available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees. Yuanmingyuan Road behind the plex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and highend brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for mercial fashion photo shoots. New Tian’an Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2021. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filledin and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place that’s more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot of movies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their prewedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soontobewed couples pose in s