【正文】 下這兩個(gè)問題有可能也是相互分離的。例如，被告證明損害是因?yàn)椴豢煽沽υ斐傻模涂梢员砻髌渲饔^上沒有過錯(cuò)從而應(yīng)當(dāng)被免除責(zé)任。 在舉證責(zé)任倒置的情況下，由被告承擔(dān)證明某種事實(shí)存在或不存在，如果其無法就此加以證明則承擔(dān)敗訴的后果。舉證責(zé)任倒置表面上是提供證據(jù)責(zé)任的倒置，實(shí)際上是就某種事實(shí)負(fù)有證明其存在或不存在的責(zé)任的倒置，是證明責(zé)任在當(dāng)事人間如何分配的問題。然而，舉證責(zé)任倒置不僅僅是對事實(shí)證明責(zé)任的分配，更重要的是對這種舉證責(zé)任的分配常常直接影響到訴訟結(jié)果，即 “ 舉證責(zé)任分配之所在，乃勝訴敗訴 之所在 ” 。因?yàn)橐坏┑怪靡院螅e證責(zé)任被倒置的一方負(fù)擔(dān)了較重的證明義務(wù)，如果其不能夠就法定的事由進(jìn)行舉證，便推定提出主張的一方就該事實(shí)的主張成立，這就會從整體上影響到訴訟結(jié)果。 敗訴后果的承擔(dān)表明了舉證責(zé)任倒置實(shí)質(zhì)上是一種證明責(zé)任的分配，證明責(zé)任是一種結(jié)果責(zé)任，解決的是在案件事實(shí)真?zhèn)尾幻鲿r(shí)敗訴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的承擔(dān)問題。在實(shí)體法上對被告承擔(dān)的此類事實(shí)作出了嚴(yán)格的限定，被告方對此要舉證證明也有相當(dāng)?shù)碾y度。例如，在高度危險(xiǎn)責(zé)任的情況下，被告必須證明危險(xiǎn)是由原告的故意造成的才能免責(zé)，倘被告無法就此舉證則可能要敗訴。這樣，舉證責(zé) 任倒置通常是和嚴(yán)格責(zé)任聯(lián)系在一起的，由此也進(jìn)一步表明了舉證責(zé)任倒置與舉證責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)換的區(qū)別。 在舉證責(zé)任倒置的情況下并不意味著原告不負(fù)任何舉證責(zé)任，我認(rèn)為即便依據(jù)實(shí)體法的規(guī)定應(yīng)適用舉證責(zé)任倒置，原告也要承擔(dān)就一定事實(shí)存在或不存在舉證的責(zé)任。在適用嚴(yán)格責(zé)任的情況下對于過錯(cuò)、因果關(guān)系等，根據(jù)法律規(guī)定應(yīng)當(dāng)由被告證明，從而免除了受害人對此事實(shí)的舉證責(zé)任，而將該責(zé)任倒置給加害人一方，由其承擔(dān)無法舉證時(shí)的敗訴風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。但其他要件事實(shí)如加害人、損害事實(shí)等，則還應(yīng)適用 “ 誰主張誰舉證 ” 的一般規(guī)則分配舉證責(zé)任，由該事實(shí)的主張者承擔(dān)舉證 責(zé)任。例如，在醫(yī)療事故的舉證責(zé)任倒置中，作為被告的醫(yī)院一方應(yīng)當(dāng)就其行為的科學(xué)性、及時(shí)性、沒有過錯(cuò)的事實(shí)承擔(dān)舉證責(zé)任，而患者應(yīng)當(dāng)就被告行為的危害后果事實(shí)、危害后果與被告的行為間有關(guān)系的事實(shí)等承擔(dān)舉證責(zé)任。 舉證責(zé)任倒置的法定化 舉證責(zé)任倒置是嚴(yán)格責(zé)任實(shí)現(xiàn)的途徑和方式。在侵權(quán)法中，嚴(yán)格責(zé)任 “ 雖然嚴(yán)格，但非絕對 ” 。在嚴(yán)格責(zé)任下并非表示加害人就其行為所生之損害，在任何情況下均應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)，各國立法例多承認(rèn)加害人須提出特定抗辯或免責(zé)事由。從國外的立法經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，西方國家關(guān)于民事訴訟的證明責(zé)任分配模式大致有兩種：一種是主要 由實(shí)體法規(guī)定舉證責(zé)任分配，如法國、葡萄牙等國。應(yīng)當(dāng)明確不僅適用舉證責(zé)任倒置的情況由法律規(guī)定，而且對于倒置的事由也必須要由法律明確規(guī)定。在實(shí)行舉證責(zé)任倒置的情況下被告方究竟應(yīng)當(dāng)舉證證明什么？最高人民法院 1992 年 7 月通過的《關(guān)于適用〈民事訴訟法〉若干問題的意見》第七十四條和《若干規(guī)定》第四條都作出了明確規(guī)定，但這些規(guī)定并非是說在這些類型的案件中要求被告對一切要件事實(shí)都負(fù)舉證責(zé)任。例如，原告提出訴訟請求主張損 15 害賠償，必須就其實(shí)際損失范圍舉證。如果連實(shí)際損害范圍的舉證責(zé)任都倒置給被告，則原告在起訴時(shí)根本無法提出具 體數(shù)額的訴訟請求，也就無法發(fā)動(dòng)訴訟程序。所以我認(rèn)為，關(guān)于何種要件事實(shí)需要舉證責(zé)任倒置十分復(fù)雜多樣，不宜在民事程序法一一例舉，必須斟酌具體法律關(guān)系類型在實(shí)體法中明確限定。最好的辦法是在侵權(quán)法中對嚴(yán)格責(zé)任的抗辯事由作出嚴(yán)格限制，從而在法律上明確舉證責(zé)任倒置的事由。 主要參考資料： （德）漢斯 ?普維庭：《現(xiàn)代證明責(zé)任問題》，吳越譯，法律出版社 2021 年版。 王澤鑒著：《民法學(xué)說與判例研究》（第二冊），中國政法大學(xué)出版社 1998 年版。 李國光主編：《最高人民法院〈關(guān)于民事訴訟證據(jù)的若干規(guī)定〉的理由與 適用》，中國法制出版社 2021 年版。 16 Visafree policy brings Chengdu biz, tourism boost. Making national headlines several times, Chengdu39。s 72hour visafree policy has attracted wide attention from both Chinese and foreign experts and businessmen since it took effect on Sept 1 last year. The program permits citizens from 51 countries and regions including the United States, Australia, Canada and Japan who have valid visas and flight tickets to a third country to spend three days in the city. The capital of Sichuan province is the first city in the western region of China to offer foreign tourists a threeday visa and the fourth nationwide to adopt the policy following Shanghai, Beijing and Guangzhou. Li Zhiyong, deputy dean of the tourism institute at Sichuan University, said the move contributes to a large increase in the number of overseas tourists and raises the city39。s level of internationalization. The policy will also bring direct economic revenue, Li said. Chengdu has many cultural legacies and is also a paradise for panda lovers with the world39。s largest breeding and research center. Three days are long enough for foreign visitors to visit those iconic tourist spots, he noted. The city is home to the remains of the Jin sha civilization that dates back more than 3,000 years as well as the Qing cheng Mountains and the Du jiang yan irrigation system. Qing cheng has long been recognized as the birthplace of Taoism, China39。s ancient indigenous religion, while Du jiang yan is considered to be the oldest functioning watercontrol project in the world. Chengdu ranked third in tourist facilities, management and services among 60 Chinese cities in a customer satisfaction survey released last year. But, Li added that efforts are still needed to develop more tourism products, improve English services and provide accurate translation of traffic signs and scenic billboards. Zhao Yun, chairwoman of British Chamber of Commerce Southwest China, told China Daily that his colleagues found the policy very convenient. A British client once flew here and stayed for just one day to check her ordered goods, she said. Zhao was born in Shanxi province, but she has lived in Chengdu for more than 10 years. My life was like a running race moving from place to place. I also lived in Beijing and Shanghai before, she said. But Chengdu is a place that you never want to leave once settling down. It is now my second hometown, she said. If the environment is further improved, the city will attract more people to visit and live, with the 72hour visafree policy and pelling conditions in transportation, culture, climate and cuisine, he said. Foreigners also gave positive feedback on the policy. A spokesman from Dell Inc said the pany has a global hub of operation in Chengdu, so the threeday visa has an immediate and positive influence on the pany39。s business development. Rudy Buttignol, president of the public broadcasting pany in British Columbia, Canada, said his work requires frequent travel to Chengdu and the policy makes the trips easier. Data from the city39。s public security bureau shows some 100 foreign visitors enjoyed the 72hour policy by the end of March, most of them from the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Chengdu also reported robust growth in its overall tourist industry last year. Official statistics show that it received some 150 million tourists last year, an increase of 28 percent from 2021. Around million came from abroad, an increase of 12 percent. Total revenue from tourism surpassed 133 billion yuan ($). During his visit to Kazakhstan in September, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed that China and Central Asia join hands to build a Silk Road economic belt to boost cooperation. The idea has been w idely echoed in Central Asian countries, being an encouraging blueprint for Chinese areas along the Silk Road that has linked Asia and Europe for more than 2,000 years. In the next three weeks, China Daily reporters w ill travel through the belt in China and in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkey. They will show the progress and expectations of the countries, businesses and peoples on the route. Shaanxi the start of the ancient Silk Road has positioned itself as the new starting point fo