【正文】 為零。 失業(yè)問(wèn)題比勞動(dòng)力短缺問(wèn)題對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)不利影響更大。一是失業(yè)會(huì)直接造成勞動(dòng)力資源的浪 費(fèi)和社會(huì)損失。第二是從社會(huì)方面來(lái) 看，失業(yè)的不利影響也是巨大的。失業(yè)不但使失業(yè)者及 其家屬的收人和消費(fèi)水平下降，還會(huì)給人們的心理造成巨大的創(chuàng)傷，影響社會(huì)安定團(tuán)結(jié)。 六 .財(cái)政政策的內(nèi)容是什么 ?結(jié)合實(shí)際分析我國(guó)是如何運(yùn)用財(cái)政政策進(jìn)行宏觀調(diào)控的。 (1)財(cái)政政策是指政府通過(guò)改變財(cái)政收人和支出來(lái)影響社會(huì)總需求，以便最終影響就業(yè)和 國(guó)民收人的政策。財(cái)政政策是國(guó)家干預(yù)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的重要手段之一。 (2 )財(cái)政制度包括財(cái)政收人和財(cái)政支出兩個(gè)方面的規(guī)定。 第 一 ，財(cái)政收人最主要的來(lái)源是稅收，其次是公債。 第 二 ，財(cái)政支出主要是各級(jí)政府的支出，包括政府購(gòu) 買(mǎi)、轉(zhuǎn)移支付和政府投資。 (3) 財(cái)政政策的運(yùn)用 : 在經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條、總需求不足時(shí)，政府要擴(kuò)大商品和勞務(wù)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)，如增加軍費(fèi)開(kāi)支，修筑高等級(jí)公路，建立新的福利設(shè)施，減少稅收等，以便創(chuàng)造更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，增加人們的可支配收。相反，在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮、總需求過(guò)大時(shí)，政府則減少對(duì)商品和勞務(wù)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)數(shù)量，比如推遲某些軍事科研，壓縮或緩建一批公共工程，提高稅率，減少人們的可支配收，以便壓縮總需求，緩和通貨膨脹的壓力。 七．試述投資乘數(shù)的作用及投資乘數(shù)發(fā)生作用的條件，結(jié)合實(shí)際談?wù)劷鼛啄晖顿Y對(duì)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的作用。 (1 )投資乘數(shù)指由投資 變動(dòng)引起的收入改變量與投資支出改變量與政府購(gòu)買(mǎi)支出的改變量之間的比率。其數(shù)值等于邊際儲(chǔ)蓄傾向的倒數(shù)。 一般地，假設(shè)投資變動(dòng)△ I，國(guó)民收入將隨之變動(dòng)△ Y，如果經(jīng)濟(jì)中家庭部門(mén)的邊際消費(fèi)傾向?yàn)?b，那么，投資增加引起的最終國(guó)民收入的增加量為 : △ Y=△ L/1一 b 上式 被稱為投資乘數(shù)定理，而“ K=1/1b被稱為投資乘數(shù)。投資乘數(shù)也等于邊際儲(chǔ)蓄傾向的倒數(shù)。 (2) 投資乘數(shù)從兩個(gè)方面發(fā)揮作用 :一方面，當(dāng)投資增加時(shí)，它所引起的收人增加要大于所引起的投資增加 。另一方面，當(dāng)投資減少時(shí)，它所引起的收入減少也要大于所引起的投 資減少。 因此，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家常常將乘數(shù)稱作一把“雙刃劍”。乘數(shù)的作用體現(xiàn)為 :在經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條時(shí)增加投資可以使國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)迅速走向繁榮和高漲，在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮時(shí)減少投資也可以使國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)避免發(fā)展過(guò)熱。 (3)投資乘數(shù)要發(fā)揮作用受到一定條件的限制。一是經(jīng)濟(jì)中存在沒(méi)有得到充分利用的資 源 。二是經(jīng)濟(jì)中不存在“瓶頸部門(mén)”，或瓶頸約束程度較小。 八．試述貨幣政策內(nèi)容及應(yīng)用，并結(jié)合實(shí)際談?wù)勎覈?guó)是如何運(yùn)用貨幣手段進(jìn)行宏觀調(diào)控的。 (1) 貨幣政策是指中央銀行運(yùn)用貨幣工具來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)貨幣供給量以實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展既定目標(biāo)的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策手段的總和。 (2) 貨幣 政策的工具包括 :第一，公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)業(yè)務(wù)，公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)業(yè)務(wù)是貨幣政策的三大工具之一。公開(kāi)市場(chǎng)業(yè)務(wù)是指中央銀行在金融市場(chǎng)上公開(kāi)買(mǎi)賣(mài)政府債券以影響貨幣供給量的貨幣政策手段。第二，再貼現(xiàn)率的含義及應(yīng)用。再貼現(xiàn)率是美國(guó)中央銀行最早運(yùn)用的貨幣政策工具。通常西方國(guó)家把中央銀行給商業(yè)銀行的貸款叫做再貼現(xiàn)，把中央銀行給商業(yè)銀行的貸款利率叫做再貼現(xiàn)率。我國(guó)分別稱為再貸款和再貸款利率。第三，存款準(zhǔn)備率的含義及應(yīng)用。商業(yè)銀行在吸收存款中要上繳一部分給中央銀行，作為存款準(zhǔn)備金。存款準(zhǔn)備金占商業(yè)銀行吸收存款的比例稱為存款準(zhǔn)備率。 (3) 貨幣 政策的應(yīng)用 40. 結(jié) 合所學(xué)的通 貨 膨 脹 理 論 ， 談?wù)?我國(guó)近期通 貨 膨 脹產(chǎn) 生的原因及 對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì) 的影響。 答 : (1)通 貨 膨 脹 一般指 產(chǎn) 品和 勞務(wù) 價(jià)格水平的普遍而持 續(xù) 上升。 (2) 西方 經(jīng)濟(jì) 學(xué)家 認(rèn)為 造成通 貨 膨 脹 的原因有 : 第一，需求拉 動(dòng) 的通 貨 膨 脹 :是指社會(huì) 總 需求增 長(zhǎng)過(guò) 快所引起的→般價(jià)格水平的普遍而持 續(xù) 上 漲 。 第二，成本推 進(jìn) 通 貨 膨 脹 z是指在沒(méi)有超 額 需求的條件下，由于供 給 方面成本的提高所引 起的價(jià)格水平的普遍持 續(xù) 上 漲 ，成本推 進(jìn) 的通 貨膨 脹 包括三 種類 型 z工 資過(guò) 度上 漲 3利 潤(rùn)過(guò) 度 增加 。進(jìn) 口商品價(jià)格上 漲 。 第三 ,需求拉 動(dòng) 和成本推 動(dòng) 混合型通 貨 膨 脹 z是指在 現(xiàn)實(shí) 生活中，需求拉 動(dòng) 和成本推 動(dòng) 的 作用常?；旌显谝黄?，所以形成混合型通 貨 膨 脹 。 第四， 結(jié) 構(gòu)型通 貨 膨 脹 :是指在供求基本平衡條件下，由于個(gè) 別關(guān)鍵 性商品比例失 調(diào) ，或者 由于 經(jīng)濟(jì) 部 門(mén)發(fā) 展不平衡而引起的通 貨 膨 脹 。 (3) 聯(lián) 系 實(shí)際 部分。 (8 分 ) 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O謝謝?。?！ 2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。s National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basketballs range in size from in (7276 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 1822 oz (510624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。s ball is in (7274 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, position, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the ball39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (18611939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the handeye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismith39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players。 the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the anization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players。 smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became gene