【正文】 并不是資源，但政策實施后卻可以保證一部分人的利益得到滿足。這意味著政策起到了向社會有關成員分配利益的功能。分配利益的結果既能使部分人獲得利益，也可以使部分人失去利益。⑷利益落實；政府的政策主體地位，需要它們主動地把政策內容貫徹到實踐中去，產生應有的政策效果，即從本質上講，使得分配的利益到位。 78．公共政策主體轉變政策理念應該包括哪些內容？ 答：政策理念是指政策主體進行公共政策時所秉持的價值觀。 （ 1）視 政策對象 —— 公共為伙伴而不是對立者。 （ 2）公共政策的出發(fā)點應是解決公共問題，保證公共利益的最大化。 （ 3）支持、鼓勵準政策主體的發(fā)展。 （ 4）要具有前瞻性，注重“預防”而非“治療”，掌握政策主動權。 82．在現(xiàn)階段，公共政策理念的轉型主要包括哪些內容？ 答：（ 1）對公共機構自利性的克服與自我約束。 （ 2）對顧客取向和結果取向的強調。 （ 3）對公眾參與的推崇。 （ 4）對開放觀念的認同。 79．論述為什么要提升政策主體能力？ 答：提升政策主體的能力是社會政治、經濟、文化發(fā)展的客觀要求，它直接關系到政策的質量和 效果，從而影響著公共管理的進程。其中最關鍵最核心的是政府能力的提升。公共政策的功能規(guī)定了公共政策主體能力的基本內容和發(fā)展方向；公共政策主體能力的大小、強弱則決定了公共政策功能的實現(xiàn)程度。社會經濟的日益發(fā)展和復雜化對公共政策主體能力提出了更高的要求，因此提升公共政策主體的能力，進而推動社會經濟的發(fā)展就成為最迫切的現(xiàn)實需要。 （ 1）從實踐來看，公共政策主體能力不足。不足方面：①不能積極有效地引導公共的觀念和行為。②調控各種利益關系的能力不佳。③缺乏公平分配社會資源的能力。 （ 2）公共政策主體能力現(xiàn)狀不能滿足日益 增加和多樣化的公眾需求。 （ 3）“入世”新環(huán)境和經濟全球化挑戰(zhàn)公共政策主體能力。 （ 4）知識經濟要求公共政策主體能力的提升。 81．試分析集體思維的優(yōu)勢和缺陷？ 答：政策制定是決策者通過思維認識和反映客觀世界的過程。要保證政策的合理、科學，就必須充分肯定集體思維的作用。運用集體思維才是保證政策目標準確、方案正確的重要途徑。 集體思維具有一定的 優(yōu)勢 ：（ 1）集體思維可能保證理論與知識的完整性。（ 2）集體思維可以讓不同群體的利益得以充分表達。（ 3）集體思維可以避免個人決斷中的片面性與主觀性。 集體思維 缺陷 ：（ 1） 認為集體思維一定正確，做出的決定必定無懈可擊。（ 2）集體面對的決策前提是既定的，個人不必要對它進行重新考慮。（ 3）集體內的成員都是公正的，集體具有一貫的道德水準。（ 4）與本集體相對立的一方總是軟弱的、無道理的。（ 5）每一個集體成員要對集體忠誠，不能有不同見解。（ 6）凡是出現(xiàn)偏離集體共識的見解，必須加以抵制。（ 7）每個成員都要保衛(wèi)集體，反對不同意見。 正因為集體思維也有其缺陷，我們同樣不能迷信集體理性。因此，在政策制定中，既要充分發(fā)揮個人思維的積極性，提倡和發(fā)展政策論辯，鼓勵不同見解和觀點的交鋒、競爭，又要在 充分重視集體思維和集體理性的同時，科學地看待集體思維中可能存在的缺陷。 第 10 頁 共 10 頁 請您刪除一下內容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。。　?China39。s 10 mustsee animations】 The Chinese animation industry has seen considerable growth in the last several years. It went through a golden age in the late 1970s and 1980s when successively brilliant animation work was produced. Here are 10 mustsee classics from China39。s animation outpouring that are not to be missed. Let39。s recall these colorful images that brought the country great joy. Calabash Brothers Calabash Brothers (Chinese: 葫蘆 娃 ) is a Chinese animation TV series produced by Shanghai Animation Film Studio. In the 1980s the series was one of the most popular animations in China. It was released at a point when the Chinese animation industry was in a relatively downed state pared to the rest of the international munity. Still, the series was translated into 7 different languages. The episodes were produced with a vast amount of papercut animations. Black Cat Detective Black Cat Detective (Chinese: 黑貓警長 ) is a Chinese animation television series produced by the Shanghai Animation Film Studio. It is sometimes known as Mr. Black. The series was originally aired from 1984 to 1987. In June 2021, a rebroadcasting of the original series was announced. Critics bemoan the series39。 violence, and lack of suitability for children39。s education. Proponents of the show claim that it is merely for entertainment. Effendi Effendi, meaning sir and teacher in Turkish, is the respectful name for people who own wisdom and knowledge. The hero39。s real name was Nasreddin. He was wise and witty and, more importantly, he had the courage to resist the exploitation of noblemen. He was also full of passion and tried his best to help poor people. Adventure of Shuke and Beita【舒克與貝塔】 Adventure of Shuke and Beita (Chinese: 舒克和貝塔 ) is a classic animation by Zheng Yuanjie, who is known as King of Fairy Tales in China. Shuke and Beita are two mice who don39。t want to steal food like other mice. Shuke became a pilot and Beita became a tank driver, and the pair met accidentally and became good friends. Then they befriended a boy named Pipilu. With the help of PiPilu, they cofounded an airline named Shuke Beita Airlines to help other animals. Although there are only 13 episodes in this series, the content is very pact and attractive. The animation shows the preciousness of friendship and how people should be brave when facing difficulties. Even adults recalling this animation today can still feel touched by some scenes. Secrets of the Heavenly Book Secrets of the Heavenly Book, (Chinese: 天書奇談 ) also referred to as Legend of the Sealed Book or Tales about the Heavenly Book, was released in 1983. The film was produced with rigorous dubbing and fluid bination of music and vivid animations. The story is based on the classic literature Ping Yao Zhuan, meaning The Suppression of the Demons by Feng Menglong. Yuangong, the deacon, opened the shrine and exposed the holy book to the human world. He carved the book39。s contents on the stone wall of a white cloud cave in the mountains. He was then punished with guarding the book for life by the jade emperor for breaking heaven39。s law. In order to pass this holy book to human beings, he would have to get by the antagonist fox. The whole animation is characterized by charming Chinese painting, including pavilions, ancient architecture, rippling streams and crowded markets, which fully demonstrate the unique beauty of China39。s natural scenery. Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf【喜洋洋與灰太狼】 Pleasant Goat and Big Big Wolf (Chinese:喜羊羊與灰太狼 ) is a Chinese animated television series. The show is about a group of goats living on the Green Pasture, and the story revolves around a clumsy wolf who wants to eat them. It is a popular domestic animation series and has been adapted into movies. Nezha Conquers the Dragon King（ Chinese: 哪吒鬧海） is an outstanding animation issued by the Ministry of Culture in 1979 and is based on an episode from the Chinese mythological novel Fengshen Yanyi. A mother gave birth to a ball of flesh shaped like a lotus bud. The father, Li Jing, chopped open the ball, and beautiful boy, Nezha, sprung out. One day, when Nezha was seven years old, he went to the nearby seashore for a swim and killed the third son of the Dragon King who was persecuting local residents. The story primarily revolves around the Dragon King39。s feud with