【正文】 戴于道路矣。七十者衣 帛食肉 ,黎民不饑不寒 ,然而不王者 ,來之有也。 【譯文】每家給他五畝土地的住宅，四圍種植著桑樹，那么，五十歲以上的人都可以有絲棉襖穿了。雞狗與豬這類家畜，都有力量去飼養(yǎng)繁殖，那么，七十歲以上的人就都有肉可吃了。一家給他一百畝土地，并且不去妨礙他的生產(chǎn)，八口人的家庭便都可以吃得飽飽的了。辦好各級學(xué)校，反復(fù)地用孝順父母、敬愛兄長的大道理來開導(dǎo)他們，那么，須發(fā)花白的老人便會有人代勞，不致頭頂著、背負(fù)著東西在路上行走了。（能夠使）七十歲的老人穿上好衣服吃上肉，讓普通百姓不挨餓不受凍，卻不能稱王的，自古以來沒有這樣的 人啊。 （ 3）管子曰： “倉廩實而知禮節(jié)。 ”民不足而可治者，自古及今，未之嘗聞。古之人曰： “一夫不耕，或受之饑；一女不織，或受之寒。 ”生之有時而用之亡度，則物力必屈。古之治天下，至孅至悉也，故其畜積足恃。今背本而趨末，食者甚眾，是天下之大殘也；淫侈之俗日日以長，是天下之大賊也。殘賊公行，莫之或止；大命將泛，莫之振救；生之者甚少而靡之者甚多，天下財產(chǎn)何得不蹶？漢之為漢，幾四十年矣，公私之積，猶可哀痛。失時不雨，民且狼顧，歲惡不入，請賣爵子，既聞耳矣，安有為天下阽危者若是而上不驚者？ 【譯文】管子說： “糧倉充 實了，（人民）就會懂得禮節(jié)。 ”人民不富足而能治理好（國家），從古代到現(xiàn)在，不曾聽說過這等事。古代的人說： “一個男子不耕作，（就）有人要挨餓；一個女子不織布，（就）有人要受凍。 ”生產(chǎn)東西有時間（的限制），但消費它卻沒有限度，那么（社會上的）財富一定會缺乏。古代的人治理天下，（計劃）極細(xì)致周全，所以國家的積蓄足以作為依靠。現(xiàn)在許多人放棄農(nóng)業(yè)去從事工商業(yè)，消費的人很多，這是天下的大害。淫靡奢侈的風(fēng)氣一天天滋長，這也是天下的大害。這兩種大害公然盛行，沒有誰制止它。國家的命運將要覆滅，沒有誰挽救它。生產(chǎn)的人很少而耗費 的人很多，天下的財產(chǎn)怎么會不用光呢？漢朝自從建立以來，近四十年了，公和私兩方面的積蓄，還（少得）使人痛心。該下雨的時候不下雨，百姓就會憂心忡忡；年成不好，百姓交不了租稅，（朝廷）賣官爵，（百姓）賣兒女，（這樣的事）已經(jīng)傳入您的耳朵里了，哪有治理國家危險到這種地步而皇上不驚恐的呢？ 夜宿山寺（李白） 12 危樓高百尺，平平平仄仄 手可摘星辰。仄仄仄平平 不感高聲語，仄仄平平仄 恐驚天上人。平平仄仄平 所謂 “平起仄收 ”是指首句而言。因首句首字平仄不限，故又以第二字的平仄為準(zhǔn)。 “樓 ”字屬 平聲，末字 “尺 ”是仄聲，是為 “仄起仄收 ”。二、四句押韻。 無題（李商隱） 相見時難別亦難，東風(fēng)無力百花殘。 春蠶到死絲方盡，蠟炬成灰淚始干。 曉鏡但愁云鬢改，夜吟應(yīng)覺月光寒。 蓬山此去無多路，青鳥殷勤為探看。 此詩是七言律詩，每聯(lián)押 “an”韻。八句網(wǎng)韻或五韻 (1)首句平起入韻式； (2)首句平起不入韻式； (3)首句仄起入韻式； (4)首句仄起不入韻式。它的平仄屬于首句仄起不如韻式。即： 仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。 平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。 仄仄平平平仄仄，平平仄仄仄平平。 平平仄仄平平仄，仄仄平平仄仄平。 13 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。。?2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the ‘effector’ cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and nonnerve cells. This process is termed ‘chemical neurotransmission’ and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as ‘cholinergic’. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the socalled motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a mand is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds。 an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for reuptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nervetonerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on nonvoluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells。 in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nervetonerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In postsynaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the plex of receptor bined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as ‘nicotinic’。 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are ‘muscarinic’。 and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and bees packaged into membranebound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termi