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13 = 250,000. 22 Conclusion ?Suppose there are (say) 10 pairs of evildoers who definitely stayed at the same hotel twice. ?Analysts have to sift through 250,010 candidates to find the 10 real cases. ? Not gonna happen. ? But how can we improve the scheme? 23 Moral ?When looking for a property (., “two people stayed at the same hotel twice”), make sure that the property does not allow so many possibilities that random data will surely produce facts “of interest.” 24 Rhine Paradox – (1) ?Joseph Rhine was a parapsychologist in the 1950’s who hypothesized that some people had ExtraSensory Perception. ?He devised (something like) an experiment where subjects were asked to guess 10 hidden cards – red or blue. ?He discovered that almost 1 in 1000 had ESP – they were able to get all 10 right! 25 Rhine Paradox – (2) ?He told these people they had ESP and called them in for another test of the same type. ?Alas, he discovered that almost all of them had lost their ESP. ?What did he conclude? ? Answer on next slide. 26 Rhine Paradox – (3) ?He concluded that you shouldn’t tell people they have ESP。 it causes them to lose it. 27 Moral ?Understanding Bonferroni’s Principle will help you look a little less stupid than a parapsychologist.