埃及文明基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)介紹-資料下載頁(yè)
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【正文】 es of pharaohs try to consolidate power but cannot. ? Anarchy. Kingdom in decline. Tomb robbing ? Questioned whether the state is the divine order!!! ? Start of diverse literature and harp songs Middle Kingdom 2,0401,781 BC (11th13th Dynasty) ? 11th Dynasty: Mentuhotep II subjugates local rulers, reunifies Upper and Lower Egypt and makes Thebes the capital ? 12th Dynasty: Amenemhet IIV. Privately owned land bees renationalized. Campaigns against Libya and Palestine. Sesostris IIII: Conquests in Nubia. Significant literary texts produced Thebes Second Intermediate Period 1,6501,550 BC (14th17th Dynasty) ? Rule of Asian interlopers, the Hyksos (喜克所人 ), in Lower Egypt (Delta area) ? They introduce horses and chariots New Kingdom 1,5501,075 BC (18th20th Dynasty) ? 18th Dynasty: Amosis, Amenhotep I。 Tuthmosis I and II: After driving the Hyksos back, campaigns of conquest as far as Syria and the Euphrates make Egypt a “world power.” Thebes bees the capital and Amun the National God. Temples of Luxor and Karnak, rock tombs at Valley of the Kings. ? Hatsepsut. ? Tuthmosis III and IV. Like Priests and Officials, the military gains influence. ? Amenhotep II and III. Kingdom and culture at peak. ? Amenhotep IV=Akhenaten: Religious and Cultural Revolution. Transfer of Royal residence to Amarna. ? Tutankhaten=Tutankhamun. Transfer of Royal residence to Thebes Amarna Tutankhaten / Tutankhamun The curse of the Mummy! ? Nov. 1922: Howard Carter, financed by Lord Carnavon, discovers the Tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings on the W. Bank at Luxor. Same day that tomb is opened, Carter’s canary is swallowed by a cobra (godess Wadjet, protector of the Pharaohs!) ? March 1933: novelist Mari Corelli publishes warning that there would be dire consequences for anyone who had entered the sealed tomb. ? April 5 1933: Lord Carnavon dies in Cairo from pneumonia. At the same time the lights go out in Cairo and his dog Susie back in England howls and drops dead instantly! ? Inscription on Anubis shrine reads: “ It is I who hinder the sand from choking the secret chamber. I am for the protection of the deceased.” The reporter adds: “and I will kill all those who cross this threshold into the sacred precincts of the Royal King who lives forever.”… ? Newspapers kill off about 26 people in one decade associate with the tomb. In reality about 6 die and the rest live to old age. Carter himself dies 17 years after the discovery.. New Kingdom (continued) ? 19th Dynasty: – Ramesses I, Seti I – Ramesses II: Great buildings: Karnak, Ramesseum and Abu Simbel ? 20th Dynasty: – Ramesses III: Unrest in DeirelMedinah, village of the royal tomb workers – Ramesses IVX – Ramesses XI: Tomb roberry trials, unrest. Tanis (in the Delta) bees the capital. Thebes under the rule of priests! Third Intermediate Period 1,075650 BC (21st25th Dynasty) ? Kingdom in decline ? Late Period: 664332 (26th30th Dynasty): – Libyan, Ethiopian, Persian rulers in Egypt ? Ptolemaic Period: – Alexander the Great (33230 BC) conquers Egypt and founds Alexandria, the future intellectual center of the Mediterranean – Ptolemaic Kings: Greek rulers from Macedonia, installed by Alexander ? 31030 BC: – Ptolemy IXII – Cleopatra IVI – Temples of Dendera, Esna, Edfu, Kom Ombo, Philae – Cleopatra VII: last Egyptian Quees (actually of Greek nationality). Fire in the library in Alexandria ? Rule of the Romans: 30 BC395 AD Ancient Sudan: The Kingdom of Kush at Mero235。 (4th c. . to 325 .) Relief from a stand at Wad Ban Naga temple. It shows Queen Amanitare, wife of her coruler, Natakamani. The inscription is in both Egyptian and Merotic hieroglyphs, and so is important for knowing how to translate Merotic script. The tendency today to see Natakamani as the principle ruler of Kush probably results from our privileging Roman written sources. Gold jackal, Mero235。, ca. 1st c. . (London: British Museum). cm. Apparently exported to Cyrene, Libya, where this piece was found.
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