【導(dǎo)讀】還要屬超高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。鋼筋混凝土和受力外包鋼筒系。統(tǒng)運(yùn)用起來是比較經(jīng)濟(jì)的系統(tǒng)，被有效地運(yùn)用于大批的民用建筑和商業(yè)建筑中。層到100層的建筑被定義為超高層建筑。而這種建筑在美國得到廣泛的應(yīng)用是由于。允許的限度范圍內(nèi)承受風(fēng)荷載而不產(chǎn)生彎曲和傾斜。過分的傾斜會導(dǎo)致建筑的隔離。構(gòu)件、頂棚以及其他建筑細(xì)部產(chǎn)生循環(huán)破壞。使用者們因感覺到這樣的的晃動而產(chǎn)生不舒服的感覺。來限制側(cè)向位移。些創(chuàng)新的結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)被廣泛地應(yīng)用于辦公大樓和公寓建筑中。個結(jié)構(gòu)抵抗風(fēng)荷載的所有強(qiáng)度和剛度將達(dá)到最大的效率。被芝加哥的43層鋼筋混凝土的德威特紅棕色的公寓大樓所采用。度的結(jié)構(gòu)體系首次被芝加哥的JohnHancock中心大廈采用。芝加哥的110層的Sears. 力以及建筑的抗側(cè)移能力。由于薄殼立面的貢獻(xiàn)，整個框架筒的構(gòu)件無需過大的質(zhì)量。這種結(jié)構(gòu)體系已被建造在匹茲堡洲的One. 力是由對角拉桿所提供的。受壓構(gòu)件受熱后通過鉚釘連接工藝的發(fā)展。

　　

【正文】 ailable, to bine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hotrolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot。 decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds (320 kilograms) per foot. Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric elevator in 1889. The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel construction method, sent building heights soaring. In New York the 286ft () Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375ft (115m) Times Building ( renamed the Allied Chemical Building) , the 468ft (143m) City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612ft (187m) Singer Building (1908), the 700ft (214m) Metropolitan Tower (1909) and, in 1913, the 780ft (232m) Woolworth Building. The rapid increase in height and the heighttowidth ratio brought problems. To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed. On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied. A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination. The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeleton frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the beams and columns. With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned。 one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external Xbraces form a dramatic part of the structure’s fa231。ade. World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had e to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empire State’s 102 stories (1,250ft. [381m]) were to keep it established as the highest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, ., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with military precision。 nine derricks powered by electric hoists lifted the girders to position。 an industrialrailway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was pleted in one year and 45 days. The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance. Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to construction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of highstrength bolts to replace rivets in field connections. Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the ., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, making possible more refined and systematic analysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by socalled plastic design ?The introduction of the puter by shortcutting tedious paperwork, made further advances and savings possible. （ TwoDay CANMET/CI International Symposium on Concrete Technology for Sustainable Development, April 1920,2020） 畢業(yè)設(shè)計實習(xí)調(diào)研報告 結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計情況，根據(jù)實習(xí)調(diào)研的情況及所查閱的文獻(xiàn)資料，撰寫 3000 字以上的報告： （小 4 號宋體， 倍行距） ????。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計實習(xí)調(diào)研報告 指導(dǎo)教師意見 ： 對“實習(xí)調(diào)研報告”的評語： 指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日 系審核意見： 負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日