【正文】 against wind loads has returned。ade. World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had e to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empire State’s 102 stories (1,250ft. [381m]) were to keep it established as the highest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, ., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with military precision。Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby bining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system. Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of largescale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hotrolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the , , , Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s. Early history. The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the SiemensMartin (openhearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and joining. The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required. The truss form, based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for pression ., those bearing the weight of direct loadingand wrought iron being used for tension ., those bearing the pull of suspended loading. The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800。但直到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后才用于建筑結(jié)構(gòu)中。 次項(xiàng)工程所需要的梁是由 Bayonne 海灣對(duì)岸的軍械庫所提供的。而只有考慮到具體的單獨(dú)梁與單獨(dú)柱的抗彎能力以及梁柱相交處的剛度的框架設(shè)計(jì)才是可靠的。 緊隨著鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的發(fā)展， 1988 年第一部電梯問世了。鋼材在這些結(jié)構(gòu)中起了非常大的作用。無論是它的高度（比著名的金字塔的兩倍還高），架設(shè)的速度 人數(shù)不多的工作人員僅用幾個(gè)月的時(shí)間就完成了整個(gè)工程任務(wù)，還是很低的工程造價(jià)都使它脫穎而出。英國的 Firth of Forth 懸索橋設(shè)有管件支撐，直徑大約為 12 英尺（ 米），長度為 350 英尺（ 107）米。據(jù)說當(dāng)時(shí)他已有這樣的骨架結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)思：用比較細(xì)的鐵梁作為玻璃幕墻的骨架。這座大橋以及后來的鐵橋設(shè)計(jì)再加上蒸汽鍋爐、鐵船身的設(shè)計(jì)都刺激了建筑安裝設(shè)計(jì)以及連接工藝的發(fā)展。在新奧爾良建造的 52 層的獨(dú)殼廣場(chǎng)大廈就是運(yùn)用了這種體系。在這座大樓中，外柱的柱距為 英尺（ 米）。 由于薄殼立面的貢獻(xiàn)，整個(gè)框架筒的構(gòu)件無需過大的質(zhì)量。 筒體： 隨著對(duì)更高層建筑的要求不斷地增大。 1974 年在米望基建造的威斯康森銀行大樓就是一個(gè)很好的例子。 關(guān) 鍵詞： 高層建筑，結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)，鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，發(fā)展創(chuàng)新，結(jié)構(gòu)體系 這樣的高度需要增大柱和梁的尺寸，這樣以來可以使建筑物更加堅(jiān)固以至于在允許的限度范圍內(nèi)承受風(fēng)荷載而不產(chǎn)生彎曲和傾斜。 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語及成績： 簽名： 年 月 日 附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文 高層建筑 與鋼結(jié)構(gòu) 摘要： 近年來，盡管一般的建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)取得了很大的進(jìn)步，但是取得顯著成績的還要屬超高層建筑結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)。無論是鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)還是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)都充分利用了整個(gè)建筑的剛度潛力，因此不能指望利用多余的剛度來限制側(cè)向位移。這種特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)體系首次被芝加哥的 43 層鋼筋混凝 土的德威特紅棕色的公寓大樓所采用。這些獨(dú)立筒體中的終端處在不同高度的建筑體中，這充分體現(xiàn)出了這種新式結(jié)構(gòu)觀念的建筑風(fēng)格自由化的潛能。托梁周圍的厚度也可適當(dāng)?shù)臏p小。該體系由柱距很小的外框架與圍繞中心設(shè)備區(qū)的剛性剪力墻筒組成。通常還包括以主梁、次梁、桿件，板等形式存在的鋼的熱軋加工工藝。承受由直接荷載產(chǎn)生的重力作用的受壓構(gòu)件常用鑄鐵制造，而承受由懸掛荷載產(chǎn)生的推力作用的受拉構(gòu)件常用熟鐵制造。 十九世紀(jì)五六十年代， Bessemer 與 SiemensMartin 工藝的發(fā)展使鋼材的生產(chǎn)能滿足結(jié)構(gòu)的需求。但是，這樣的損壞卻很少出現(xiàn)在金屬骨架的辦公大樓中。這座大廈也是金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的，有十層高。此外，輕型的玻璃幕墻結(jié)構(gòu) 代替了老式的重質(zhì)砌體結(jié)構(gòu)。這些建筑分別是高375 英尺（ 115 米）的時(shí)代大廈（ 1904），（后來改名為聯(lián)合化工制品大廈）。外部的對(duì)角支撐成為此結(jié)構(gòu)立面的一個(gè)很顯眼的部分。由工業(yè)軌道裝置把鋼材和其他材料移到每一層上去。此后，許多國家采用了一些更為自由靈活的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范和更為理想化的彈性設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)范。 first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton 。 畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)習(xí)調(diào)研報(bào)告 指導(dǎo)教師意見 ： 對(duì)“實(shí)習(xí)調(diào)研報(bào)告”的評(píng)語： 指導(dǎo)教師： 年 月 日 系審核意見： 負(fù)責(zé)人： 年 月 日