【導(dǎo)讀】近年來(lái)，我省交通基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)得到迅猛發(fā)展，各地建立了大量的混凝土橋梁。造和使用過(guò)程中，出現(xiàn)了大量有關(guān)因出現(xiàn)裂縫而影響工程質(zhì)量甚至導(dǎo)橋梁垮塌的報(bào)道。凝土開(kāi)裂可以說(shuō)是“常發(fā)病”和“多發(fā)病”，經(jīng)常困擾著橋梁工程技術(shù)人員。采取一定的設(shè)計(jì)和施工措施，很多裂縫是可以克服和控制的。為了進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)對(duì)混凝土橋。均有其產(chǎn)生的一種或幾種主要原因。接應(yīng)力裂縫、次應(yīng)力裂縫兩種。度不足；構(gòu)造處理不當(dāng)；設(shè)計(jì)圖紙交代不清等。生大風(fēng)、大雪、地震、爆炸等。次應(yīng)力裂縫是指由外荷載引起的次生應(yīng)力產(chǎn)生裂縫。有出入或計(jì)算不考慮，從而在某些部位引起次應(yīng)力導(dǎo)致結(jié)構(gòu)開(kāi)裂。研究表明，受力構(gòu)件挖孔后，力流將產(chǎn)生繞射現(xiàn)象，在孔洞附近密?？p特征依荷載不同而異呈現(xiàn)不同的特點(diǎn)。應(yīng)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況，盡量選擇水化熱低的水泥品種，限制水泥單位用量，減少骨料入模溫度，時(shí)，預(yù)應(yīng)力鋼材溫度可升高至350℃，混凝土構(gòu)件也容易開(kāi)裂。試驗(yàn)研究表明，由火災(zāi)等

　　

【正文】 an. The heavier water consumption is, the higher water and dust are, the concrete shrinks the more greatly. 4, Mix the pharmaceutical outside. It is the better to mix pharmaceutical waterretaining property outside, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. 5, Maintain the method . Water that good maintenance can accelerate the concrete reacts, obtain the intensity of higher concrete. Keep humidity high , low maintaining time to be the longer temperature when maintaining, then the concrete shrinks the smaller. Steam maintain way than maintain way concrete is it take light to shrink naturall. 6, External environment. The humidity is little, the air drying , temperature are high, the wind speed is large in the atmosphere, then the concrete moisture is evaporated fast, the concrete shrinks the faster. 7, Shake and smash the way and time. Machinery shake way of smashing than make firm by ramming or tamping way concrete contractivity take little by hand. Shaking should determine according to mechanical performance to smash time , are generally suitable for 55s / time. It is too short, shake and can not smash closely knit , it is insufficient or not even in intensity to form the concrete。 It is too long, cause and divide storey, thick aggregate sinks to the ground floor, the upper strata that the detailed aggregate stays, the intensity is not even , the upper strata incident shrink the crack. And shrink the crack caused to temperature, worthy of constructing the reinforcing bar againing can obviously improve the resisting the splitting of concrete , structure of especially thin wall (thick 200cm of wall ). Mix muscle should is it adopt light diameter reinforcing bar (8 |? construct 14 |? ) to have priority , little interval assign (whether @ 10 construct @ 15cm ) on constructing, the whole section is it mix muscle to be rate unsuitable to be lower than 0 to construct. 3%, can generally adopt 0 . 3%~0. 5%. (4), crack that causes out of shape of plinth of the ground Because foundation vertical to even to subside or horizontal direction displacement, make the structure produce the additional stress, go beyond resisting the ability of drawing of concrete structure, cause the structure to fracture. The even main reason that subside of the foundation is as follows, 1, Reconnoitres the precision and is not enough for , test the materials inaccuratly in geology. Designing, constructing without fully grasping the geological situation, this is the main reason that cause the ground not to subside evenly . Such as hills area or bridge, district of mountain ridge, hole interval to be too far when reconnoitring, and ground rise and fall big the rock, reconnoitring the report can39。t fully reflect the real geological situation . 2, The geological difference of the ground is too large. Building it in the bridge of the valley of the ditch of mountain area, geology of the stream place and place on the hillside change larger, even there are weak grounds in the stream, because the soil of the ground does not causes and does not subside evenly with the pressing. 3, The structure loads the difference too big. Under the unanimous terms, when every foundation too heavy to load difference in geological situation, may cause evenly to subside, for example high to fill out soil case shape in the middle part of the culvert than to is it take heavy to load both sides, to subside soon heavy than both sides middle part, case is it might fracture to contain 4, The difference of basic type of structure is great. Unite it in the bridge the samly , mix and use and does not expand the foundation and a foundation with the foundation, or adopt a foundation when a footpath or a long difference is great at the same time , or adopt the foundation of expanding when basis elevation is widely different at the same time , may cause the ground not to subside evenly too 5, Foundation built by stages. In the newlybuilt bridge near the foundation of original bridge, if the half a bridge about expressway built by stages, the newlybuilt bridge loads or the foundation causes the soil of the ground to consolidate again while dealing with, may cause and subside the foundation of original bridge greatly 6, The ground is frozen bloatedly. The ground soil of higher moisture content on terms that lower than zero degree expands because of being icy。 Once temperature goes up , the frozen soil is melted, the setting of ground. So the ground is icy or melts causes and does not subside evenly . 7, Bridge foundation put on body, cave with stalactites and stalagmites, activity fault,etc. of ing down at the bad geology, may cause and does not subside evenly . 8, After the bridge is built up , the condition change of original ground . After most natural grounds and artificial grounds are soaked with water, especially usually fill out such soil of special ground as the soil , loess , expanding in the land ,etc., soil body intensity meet water drop, press out of shape to strengthen. In the soft soil ground , season causes the water table to drop to draw water or arid artificially, the ground soil layer consolidates and sinks again, reduce the buoyancy on the foundation at the same time , shouldering the obstruction of rubing to increase, the foundation is carried on one39。s shoulder or back and strengthened .Some bridge foundation is it put too shallow to bury, erode , is it dig to wash flood, the foundation might be moved. Ground load change of terms, bridge nearby is it is it abolish square , grit ,etc. in a large amount to put to pile with cave in , landslide ,etc. reason for instance, it is out of shape that the bridge location range soil layer may be pressed again. So, the condition of original ground change while using may cause and does not subside evenly Produce the structure thing of horizontal thrust to arched br