【導讀】許多地鐵開挖引起的環(huán)境問題不可避免地成為城市生活的重要部分。的灰塵和泥漿以及物資不足。雖然這些問題引起很多困難，對于一個像伊斯。此外，這些問題受環(huán)境和地域限制并具有周期性，他們隨。工程項目開始和結束而出現(xiàn)和消失。最近，伊斯坦布爾有9條地鐵項目在施。工，總長約有73km，另外，將有超過200km的地鐵線會在不久的將來動工。正在施工的項目將產(chǎn)生約1200萬m3的工程垃圾。本文將分析由地鐵建設。帶來的問題，主要是開挖廢料的問題，并對補救辦法提出建議。現(xiàn)如今，城市的大面積擴張要求交通設施快速增長。影響市民的日常生活。噸開挖廢料，1600萬噸有機材料，2700萬噸拆遷廢料。療垃圾，每年將傾倒9000噸醫(yī)療垃圾，目前處理醫(yī)療垃圾的方式是焚燒。年開展，第四個研究項目將于近期開展。道交通系統(tǒng)將成為伊斯坦布爾交通網(wǎng)絡的主要部分。除此之外，目前的垃圾堆放區(qū)遠離地鐵建設的地方，這意味著滿載的

　　

【正文】 exist. Now, of?cials must do their best to reduce troubles that future generations are likely to face. ? Any kind of railway construction carried out above the ground causes serious problems to people living in the area. In addition, these kinds of construction cause both noise and litter. All railway lines are constructed pletely underground in many parts of the world. This has two advantages。 ?rst, since excavation is carried out underground, it causes minimal interruption in utilities and provides a more fortable area to work. Thus, the environment is exposed to very little damage because all operations are carried out underground. ? Before beginning metro excavations, the route must be carefully examined for weaknesses in infrastructures and existing historical buildings. Otherwise, these elements cause problems, including interruptions in excavation when work must stop until the environment is stabilized. An example of this is that during the 外 文 翻 譯 16 second stage of the Taksim–Ye nikapi route of the Istanbul Metro, the construction of the Halic Bridge could not be started due to historical ramparts. ? A lack of coordination among related institutions providing utility services is a major problem. Therefore, founding of an institution that strictly deals with relocating natural gas lines, telephone lines, sewer systems, and electricity will de?nitely accelerate the transfer of energy lines and avert accidents and inconveniences caused by this lack of coordination. ? In order to increase bene?ts of railway systems both in construction and operational stages, projects must be continuously revised from time to time. This is the main problem facing Istanbul metro excavations. It has taken 110 years to restart metro projects in Istanbul, with the last project, the opening of the Karakoy tunnel, established in 1876 (Ocak 2020).From this time onward, initiated projects must have been stable and continuous. In 1935, 314,000 passengers were travelling daily. In the 1950s, the total length of tram lines reached 130 km (Kayserilioglu 2020). However, as the trolleybus was introduced in 1961, all tram lines on the European side, and in 1966, all lines on the Anatolian side were removed in order to make way for private vehicles (Kayserilioglu 2020). Results and discussion TBM and classic tunnel construction methods are widely used in Istanbul for different purposes, like metro, sewerage and water tunnels. Waste from rock is rarely used as construct ion material as the suitability of the material for this purpose is not well examined. However, it is believed that the muck may be used for some applications. If this suitability is realized, cost savings may be signi?cant for tunnel construction, where the use of aggregate is a mon requirement. A review of standard construction aggregate speci?cations indicates that hard rock TBM waste would be suitable for several construction applications, including pavement and structural concrete (Gertsch et al. 2020). Size distributions of waste materials produced by tunnel boring machines are less (up to 125mm) than the waste materials produced by using classical construction methods. Muck size distribution is uniform, generally larger (up to 30–40 cm) and can be changed to meet a wide range of classical construction methods, making the reuse of waste more mon. The waste product is used as construction materials. Fifty seven percent of EW generated during tunnel excavations result from classical tunnel construction, % from TBM, while the remaining percentage stems from EPBM and slurry TBM. Different from TBM waste materials generated by EPB and slurry, TBM include mud and chemical materials. The annual quantity of EW generated in Istanbul is approximately million tons. % of this total is clay and ?ll. The rest is posed of rock. Rock material can be properly used in roadway structures, ?llings, road slopes, for erosion control and as a subbase material, as long as it conforms to local standards (TS706, TS1114). Sand and clay have properties appropriate for use as raw materials for industrial use, depending on local standards. More studies should be pleted to determine other potential uses for this material. Only 10% 外 文 翻 譯 17 of rock material generated during tunnel excavation can be evaluated. A large percentage of soil material, nearly 70,000 m3, can be recycled. Generally, for any subway construction project, plans for recycling waste materials should be implemented prior to work mencement. These plans should identify which types of waste will be generated and the methods that will be used to handle, recycle and dispose these materials. Additionally, areas for temporary accumulation or storage should be clearly designated. A waste management plan directs construction activities towards an environmentally friendly process by reducing the amount of used and unused waste materials. Environmental and economic advantages occurring when waste materials are diverted from land?lls include the following (Batayneh et al. 2020): 1. The conservation of raw materials 2. A reduction in the cost of waste disposal 3. An ef?cient use of materials. EW materials must be kept clean and separate in order for them to be ef?ciently used or recycled. Storage methods should be investigated to prevent material from being lost due to mishandling. In addition, orders for materials should be placed just before work mences. To plete a waste management plan, an estimation of the amount and type of usable and unusable EW materials expected to be generated should be developed. Listing all expected quantities of each type of waste will give an indication of what type of management activities are appropriate for each speci?c waste material. At each stage of excavation, speci?c