【導(dǎo)讀】摘要：本文使用最新的中國微觀數(shù)據(jù)測算20世紀(jì)末中國的本科教育回報(bào)率。考慮了個(gè)體回報(bào)率差異以及基于這種差異而產(chǎn)生的教育決策的差異。我們采用新近開發(fā)的各。種半?yún)?shù)方法來進(jìn)行參數(shù)識別。根據(jù)相對優(yōu)勢的原則將自己歸于不同的教育水平類別。我們的實(shí)證研究表明這一現(xiàn)象在當(dāng)代。中國的勞動力市場上確實(shí)是一個(gè)重要現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)我們的測算，將在2020年6個(gè)中國省份中。隨機(jī)選擇的一個(gè)年輕人賦予本科教育會使他的一生收入增加43%，也就是年均11%。本科教育對于那些自己選擇接受本科教育的人的收入影響是年均13%。我們的研究證據(jù)顯示?；貓?bào)率增加顯著。

　　

【正文】 used to Chinese cities. That39。s mainly because we have no sufficient data those methods need. Following Caser B. Mulligan and Xavier SalaMartin (1995), we develop a new method to estimate the human capital in Chinese cities. The notion of human capital unit is explicitly defined in this paper. Some assumptions about human capital unit an production technology are also made. We get the human capital estimation of Chinese cities. Our estimation shows that human capital in different cities in China is different between 19902020. Human capital in each city increases though there are some fluctuation. The increasing standard error of human capital implies that there are some increasing disparity of human capital in Chinese39。s cities. This can be confirmed by the positive relation between the growth of human capital and its initial level. The estimation of human capital is plausible. 摘要 ： 本文針對中國城市人力資本估算中的困難 ， 在 Caser B. Mulligan和 and Xavier SalaMartin（ 1995） 關(guān)于人力資本估算思想的啟發(fā)下 ， 明確提出單位人力資本的概念。在對單位人力資本和技術(shù)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)假設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上，設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)可實(shí)現(xiàn)的、人力資本估算框架，估算出單位人力資本在中國各城市所能得到的實(shí)際工資水平，并在此基礎(chǔ)上估算了中國地級以上城市的人力資本，得到了中國各城市 19902020年的人均人力資本。本文對中國各城市的人均人力資本的估算表明，各城市的人力資本雖然出現(xiàn)小的波動，但是總 體而言，都呈現(xiàn)出增長的態(tài)勢。不同城市的人均人力資本的大小是不同的。對中國各城市人均人力資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的計(jì)算表明，中國各城市之間的人力資本表現(xiàn)出了較大的差異性，并且這種差異性隨時(shí)間的推移在擴(kuò)大。初始的人力資本與人力資本的增長率具有爭相的關(guān)系也對此提供了一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)解釋。對文中估算的人力資本的檢驗(yàn)表明，本文所得到的人力資本具有較大的合理性。 December 17, 2020 Section 5 (English) Keynote Session III: China39。s Labor Market and Public Policy: Current Issues (II) [1] Population and Labor Mobility: Some Conceptual Issues with reference to China 人口與勞動力流動：一些概念問題及有關(guān)中國的情況 YewKwang Ng (黃有光 ), Monash University, Australia (澳大利亞蒙納士大學(xué) ) [2] Education and Other Treatments in China: What Pays? What Does Not Pay? 中國的教育以及其他因素：那些對收入有影響？那些對收入沒有影響 ? Junsen Zhang (張俊森 ), Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China (香港中文大學(xué) ) [3] The Segmentation of China39。s Social Security Programs and Labor Mobility 中國社會保障制度分割與勞動力流動 Xuejin Zuo (左學(xué)金 ), Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, China (上海社會科學(xué)院常務(wù)副院長、經(jīng)濟(jì)研究所所長 ) Section 6A (English) Labor Markets of OECD Countries (II) [1] The Economic Determinants of Ethnic Assimilation 民族同化中的經(jīng)濟(jì)決定因素 Carmel Ullman Chiswick, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA (美國伊利諾大 學(xué)芝加哥校區(qū) ) Abstract: Expanding on the concept of ethnic human capital, the paper distinguishes between cultural assimilation patible with persistent ethnic groups and assimilation through intermarriage and other mechanisms that blur distinctions and lead to the disappearance of ethnic identities. Economic determinants of “successful” and “disadvantaged” group outes are shown to be sensitive to the relationship between ethnic and general human capital, especially with regard to externalities in the processes by which they are formed. The role of ine transfer regimes tied to ethnic group membership is also considered. 摘要： 本文擴(kuò)展了少數(shù)民族人力資本的概念，區(qū)分了兩個(gè)同化概念，即與持久存在的少數(shù)民族團(tuán)體相容的文化同化以及通過相互通婚使特性模糊、導(dǎo)致少數(shù)民族身份消失的其他機(jī)制所產(chǎn)生的同化。決定 “成功 ”和 “處于劣勢地位 ”團(tuán)體 的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，對少數(shù)民族和一般人力資本之間的關(guān)系很敏感，尤其是相對于那些在過程中所形成的外部性而言。本文也考慮了與少數(shù)民族團(tuán)體身份有關(guān)聯(lián)的收入轉(zhuǎn)移制度的作用。 （ 宋曉軍 譯 ） [2] Using a P90/P10 Ratio to Measure Inequality Trends with the Public Use Current Population Survey: A View from Inside the Census Bureau Vault 通過 P90/P10 比來衡量收入差距趨勢：公用 CPS 普查數(shù)據(jù)和人口普查局內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)的比較 分析 Richard V. Burkhauser, Cornell University Shuaizhang Feng (馮帥章 ) , Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, China (上海財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) ) Abstract: Timeinconsistency problems related to top coding in the public use March Current Population Survey (CPS) have lead some researchers interested in measuring trends in United States wages and salaries, labor earnings and ine inequality to use the ratio of the 90th and 10th percentile of these distributions (P90/P10) to infer changes in the entire distribution. With data from both the public use and internal March CPS data files (19762020), we show that using a P90/P10 ratio with public use CPS data (even a series that includes Census provided cell means) does not pletely avoid the problem of timeinconsistency, especially for those interested in ine inequality trends. Using internal CPS data files, we create consistent cell mean values for all topcoded public use CPS values. The inequality trends we estimate using these adjusted public use CPS values closely track inequality trends we estimate using internal CPS values. However, when we estimate longterm inequality trends based on P90/P10 and Gini values, using our adjusted public use CPS data, we show that their trends are significantly different. Hence, researchers should be cautious in making inference about changes in the entire distribution based on changes in two points of that distribution. 摘要： 由于 Current Population Survey (CPS)每年三月的公用普查數(shù)據(jù)中對極高收入數(shù)據(jù)的代碼處理引起的不同年份的數(shù)據(jù)不一致現(xiàn)象使得部分關(guān)注美國工資、勞動所得、收入不平等的研究人員使用這些數(shù)據(jù)的 P90/P10 指標(biāo)來分析整個(gè)分布的變化趨勢。這里所謂的 P90/P10 指標(biāo)的定義是處于分布的 90%與 10% 的比值。通過同時(shí)使用公用版本和內(nèi)部版本的 CPS 從1976 年至 2020 年的每年三月的普查數(shù)據(jù)，我們在本文中說明從公用版本的 CPS 數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得到的 P90/P10 指標(biāo)，即使是考慮了 人口普查局 提供的區(qū) 間均值，并不能完全避免不同年份的數(shù)據(jù)不一致的現(xiàn)象，特別是對于研究有關(guān)收入不平等的研究。利用 CPS 內(nèi)部版數(shù)據(jù)，我們計(jì)算得到了與經(jīng)過代碼處理后的公用版對應(yīng)的區(qū)間均值。經(jīng)過考慮這些區(qū)間均值后的公用版CPS 數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算得到的收入不平等趨勢與使用內(nèi)部版 CPS 的結(jié)果十分吻合。但是，當(dāng)我們以經(jīng)過考慮區(qū)間均值后的公用版 CPS 數(shù)據(jù)測算測算收入不平等時(shí)， P90/P10 指標(biāo)和吉尼系數(shù)反映的長期趨勢顯著不同。因此，研究人員在用分布上兩個(gè)點(diǎn)的變化來對整個(gè)分布的變化作推斷時(shí)應(yīng)該十分謹(jǐn)慎。 [3] American Exceptionalism in New Light: A Comparison of Intergenerational Earnings Mobility in the Nordic Countries, the United Kingdom and the United States 重觀美國社保制度的獨(dú)特性：對北歐、英聯(lián)邦和美國代際收入流動性的比較研究 Markus Jantti, Abo Akademi University Bernt Bratsberg, Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research Knut Roed, Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research Oddbjorn Raaum, Ragnar Frisch Centre for Economic Research Robin Haylor, University of Warwick Eva Osterbacka, Abo Akademi University Anders Bjorkund, SOFI and IZA Bonn Tor Eriksson (), Aarhus Business School, Denmark (丹麥奧爾胡斯商學(xué)院 ) Abstract: We develop methods and employ simi