【導讀】碳減排，氣候變化，能源效率，能源安全，零碳建筑，近零能耗建筑，建筑標準，新建筑物，領域代表的最大源的相對快速和便宜的經濟領域的二氧化碳排放量減少。以提供額外的經濟利益，特別是在日益增長的嫩遠安全方面。在英格蘭和愛爾蘭地區(qū)的執(zhí)行情況。上，它也確實檢驗了EPBD在實質性減排的潛在能效。本文還運用能效的“行為壁障”來。表明在不大力改變住戶的的用能方式的前提下市不太可能減少排放量的。本文的分析是及時。以及應對能源供給危機的一部分。變化幅度問題監(jiān)管技術的最前沿。通過廣泛教育宣傳EPCs的價值，這兩。種工具子啊限制建筑標準的應用時存在一種重要的互補關系。無論是何種環(huán)境目標都不能獲得成功。歐盟已經試圖把這個框架指導通過重鑄轉移到2020年7月。蘭，北愛爾蘭和直布羅陀的獨立實施超越了本章的范圍。段，以及是否超過了歐盟要求的最低限度。

　　

【正文】 es, pared to 47 per cent in Norway, 29 percent in India and 12 percent in This undersupply is exacerbated by aging infrastructure with a number of coal and nuclear power plants ing to the end of their Energy efficiency can mitigate the risk of energy shortages by lowering levels of energy demand and improving levels of supply. In theory, using energy more efficiently should reduce demand for Lovins argues that energy saved in this way can also be regarded as a discrete source of energy, improving levels of energy This is Lovins’ notion of a ‘negawatt’. A negawatt is a low to zero cost investment option for improving sources of energy supply pared to investing in renewables, nuclear and other sources of THE EPBD FRAMEWORK As part of a package to address these challenges, the EU introduced the EPBD, whichcame into force on 4 January 2020. Under EU law, Member States are afforded flexibilityas to the form and method of implementation of EU directives, and whether to go beyondthe minimum requirements set by the In England and Wales, implementation waseffected by the Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) (Englandand Wales) Regulations 2020 (EPB Regs)23 and the Building and Approved Inspectors(Amendment) Regulations 2020 (BAI Regs),24 which amended the Building Regulations2020 (Building Regs).25 On 1 October 2020, the BAI Regs and Building Regs were revoked and their relevantprovisions consolidated into the Building Regulations 2020 (Building Regs 2020).26 Thisconsolidation does not significantly alter the EPBD The key provisions ofthe EPBD framework are summarised below. (1) The adoption of a methodology to calculate the ‘energy performance’ of performance is not defined in England and Wales. The EPBD definitionstates that it is ‘the amount of energy actually consumed or estimated to meetthe different needs associated with a standardised use of the building, which mayinclude, inter alia, heating, hot water heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting’.29 (2) Buildings are defined broadly and include residential, mercial and public sector (3) The mandatory provision of an energy performance certificate (EPC): (a) to a building owner when a building is erected or modified in certain circumstances。31 （ b) to a prospective buyer or tenant of a building with the view to informing decisions as to whether or not to enter into a contract for purchase/lease。32 (c) to the ultimate buyer and tenant of a (4) An EPC provides an ‘asset rating’ for a building, similar to a rating for white goods,with ‘A’ representing the highest level of energy efficiency scaled down to ‘G’ for the In England and Wales, the rating is based upon an assumption of standardised usage of a building to enable parisons to be made between the energy effi ciency of buildings. It provides voluntary remendations to improve energy effi ciency and is valid for up to 10 years.