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【正文】 其道德選擇多數(shù)顯著偏離全體頻數(shù)，對(duì)“誠(chéng)實(shí)”、”謙讓”、“主持公道”幾項(xiàng)明顯偏低，對(duì)“孝敬父母”、“守信用”、“受恩必報(bào)”幾項(xiàng)又明顯偏高，也許 說(shuō)明了他們正以某種帶有較強(qiáng)傳統(tǒng)色彩的方式，進(jìn)行著商品經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的過(guò)渡。 這種變化趨勢(shì)潛在地表現(xiàn)于不同年齡者選擇的差異中。如“熱愛祖國(guó)”，青年組對(duì)它的選擇低于中年組 14個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，低于老年組 22個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；“守信用”是典型的現(xiàn)代型道德，青年組又明顯高于中年及老年組，表現(xiàn)出這一代人向現(xiàn)代類型的轉(zhuǎn)化。但“熱愛祖國(guó)”觀念在現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中有很重要意義，這個(gè)觀念對(duì)青年人影響偏低，是值得注意的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。 of the topics for division or classification listed in II 3 can also he used for parison and / or contrast, but the focus and stress are somewhat different. If you have written a division or classification essay on one of the topics, you may try to write a paper on the same topic, using parison and / or contrast as the mode of development. your own topic and write a parison and / or contrast paper. After you have decided on your subject and purpose, list all the items for parison and / or contrast and then choose the pattern which better serves your purpose. Of course, you may use both patterns if necessary. Remember that the parison and / or contrast should be balanced and supported by concrete and relevant facts. Pay attention also to your use of transitions, which, when appropriately employed, help to bring out your point clearly. (4) Cause and Effect Exercises: 1. Read the model essays and ment on each author39。s analysis of cause and / or effect. Has the writer made clear the major cause(s) or I and effect(s)? Is he objective? Does he support his analysis with solid, factual evidence? 2. Write a causeeffect paper on one of the following topics: (1) Why People Want to Learn a Foreign Language (2) Why Some Students Make Better Progress Than Others (3) Why Many Young Men Do Not Want to Marry Capable Young Women (4) Job Discrimination against Women in China (5) Causes and / or Effects of Divorce in China 3. Write a paper on Why People Smoke. The following article may have a few points worth considering. 11 上海女青年為何抽煙多 近年來(lái)，上海女青年抽煙現(xiàn)象日趨嚴(yán)重，成為社會(huì)中一個(gè)突出性的問(wèn)題，通過(guò)抽樣調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)上海女青年抽煙多有以下幾個(gè)因素。 一是講派頭，追求“灰色風(fēng)度”。有一些音樂(lè)茶座及咖啡館里，有一部分女青年本來(lái)并不會(huì)抽煙，然而，由于受“抽煙能體現(xiàn)出女性的風(fēng)度”等錯(cuò)誤想法的影響，不少女青年對(duì)自己能吐出一串串煙圈而倍加欣賞，以為這才是真正女性的風(fēng)度美。 二是受文藝作品影響、盲目效仿。一些小說(shuō)、電影及電視里，尤其是一些國(guó)外電影和電視，常常有女子抽煙的內(nèi)容，許多女青年包括一些女中學(xué)生受此影 響；認(rèn)為既然文藝作品；電影和電視里都有女子抽煙，于是，就不加分析地加以效仿。 三是為了社交而被迫抽煙。隨著社會(huì)改革形勢(shì)的發(fā)展，女青年的社交興趣越來(lái)越強(qiáng)烈，社交面也越來(lái)越廣泛。她們大多數(shù)認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在辦什么事都要托人，掏出香煙好說(shuō)話，把抽煙作為社會(huì)交往中密切關(guān)系、溝通思想的一種主要手段。 四是在學(xué)校時(shí)就有抽煙的習(xí)慣。在調(diào)查中筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些女青年在讀書時(shí)就沾染了抽煙的壞習(xí)慣。到了單位，想戒又戒不掉。 值得一提的是在個(gè)體戶女青年中，有 70％的人都有抽煙習(xí)慣。由此可以看出上海女青年抽煙多的原因是多方 面的，希望社會(huì)、學(xué)校、家庭等都來(lái)關(guān)心這個(gè)問(wèn)題。 4. Read the following article which appeared in Newsweek, 18 March 1985 and write a causeeffect paper on China39。 S SingleChild Policy. (5) Definition Exercises: 1. Read the model essays and discuss: (1) Do they answer the question What is ... ? (2) Are they expressions of opinions and attitudes? (3) What pattern does each essay follow? Is it deductive or inductive? (4) Is there a restatement at the end of the essay. 2. Write a definition paper on one of the following topics: (1) Backdoorism (2) Materialism (3) Individualism (4) Happiness (5) Freedom (6) Courage (7) Values (8) Ganbu (cadre) (9) Wubaohu (a household enjoying the five guarantees。 childless and infirm old persons who are guaranteed food, clothing, medical care, housing, and burial expenses by the collective or government) (10) One Country, Two Systems” (11) Project Hope (12) The Iron Rice Bowl Make sure that your paper answers the question What is...? and expresses some opinion or attitude. Choose a pattern or patterns which best suit your purpose. If you like, you may try to write the same topic using different patterns to see the different effects achieved. Choose a topic of your own and write a definition paper. 4. Argumentation (1) A debatable point (2) Sufficient evidence (3) Good logic (4) Clear logic 12 (5) Good use of the other three types of writing description, narration, and especially the various methods of exposition. (6) An honest and friendly attitude Exercises: I. Read the model essays and discuss: 1. Does each essay have a debatable point? 2. Is there sufficient evidence to convince the reader? What kind of evidence does the paper provide? 3. Does the writer consider the other side of the argument before stating and amplifying his or her views? 4. Is the writer39。s reasoning logical and effective? 5. Is the writer39。s attitude honest and friendly and his tone placid? II. Write an argumentative essay on one of the following topics: 1. Mercy Killing Should Be or Should Not Be Advocated in China 2. Everyone Should Be Given an Opportunity to Study in College 3. Students Should Be or Should Not Be Allowed or Encouraged to Go into Business 4. Teachers Should or Should Not Depend on the Government to Improve Their Living Standard 5. Wealth or Power Is a Sign of Success 6. People39。s Worth Are Shown in the Reward They Earn 7. Books, Plays, and Films Should Be Censored 8. Opportunity, Diligence, Perseverance or Resolution Is the Key to Success 9. Private Schools Should or Should Not Be Encouraged in China 10. We Should or Should Not Build More Luxury Shopping Centers in Beijing 11. Singers Should or Should Not Earn More than Composers 12. Olympic Champions Make More Contributions to the Motherland than Scientists and Teachers 13. We Should Have or Should Not Have a Five Day Week 14. Clothes Make a Man or Cosmetics Make a Woman Ill. Choose your own topic and write an argumentative paper. See to it that your theme is debatable, or else the essay will fail pletely. Provide sufficient, wellarranged evidence and present it in a posed and friendly tone. IV The Summary 1. Uses of Summary Writing 2. Procedure (1) Reading. (2) Writing. (3) Revision. Exercises 1. Read the following passages carefully, and write a summary of each of them. 1 Some 300 kilometers to the east lies Jiayuguan, now a city of 120, 000 people, 37, 000 of whom work in the massive Jiuquan Iron