【正文】
manufacturing industry whether our country obtain employment most populous trade, the development of manufacturing industry not only can improve the people39。39。s living standard but also can relieve the pressure of employment of our country , ensure the stability of the society。 Secondly seen from security of national defence, the western developed country has classified all the highgrade , precision and advanced numerical control products as the strategic materials of the country, realize embargo and restriction to our country, Toshiba incident and Cox Report is the best illustration. Development tactics Proceed from the angles of the fundamental realities of the country of our country, regard the strategic demand of the country and market demand of the national economy as the direction, regard improving our country and making the prehensive petitive power of equipping industry and industrialization level as the goal, use the systematic method , be able to choose the support technology that the initial our country makes the key technology upgraded in development of equipping industry and supports the development of industrialization in 21st century of leading factor, the ability to supply the necessary technology realizes making the jump type development of the equipping industry as the content of research and development. Emphasize market demand is a direction, take terminal products of numerical control as the core , with the plete machine (Such as the numerical control lathe having a large capacity and a wide range, milling machine , high speed high precise highperformance numerical control lathe , model digitized machinery , key industry key equipment ,etc. ) drive numerical control development of industry. Solve the numerical control system and relevant functions part especially The dependability in (digitized servo system and electrical machinery , electric main shaft system of high speed and new attachment that equip ,etc. ) and production scale question. There are no products without high dependability of scale 。 Will not have cheap and products rich in the petitiveness without scale 。 Certainly, it is difficult finally to have the day to hold up head that there is no Chinese numerical control equipment of scale . In equipping researching and developing highgrade , precision and advancedly , should emphasize the production, learning and research and close bination of end user, regard obtaining, using, selling as the goal, tackle key problems according to the national will, in order to solve the needing badly of the country. The technology of numerical control, emphasized innovation, put emphasis on researching and developing technology and products with independent intellectual property right before the petition, establish the foundation for the numerical control industry of our country , sustainable development of the equipment manufacture and even the whole manufacturing industry. References: [1]China machine tool industrial association Development department of the trade. CIMT2021 tour [J ]. The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2021 (3): 1820. [2]The roof beam trains a k ing to declare , the distribution is helped. New tendency [J ] of the technical development of the lathe . The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2021 (3): 2128. [3]China machine tool industrial association Systematic branch of numerical control. CIMT2021 tour [J ]. The manufacturing technology in the world and market of equipment, 2021 (5): 1317. [4]Yang XueTong, Li DongRu, He WenLi ,etc.? Numerical control lathe technical development strategic research [M ] from now to century. Beijing: State Bureau of Machinery Industries, 2021. 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢 摘要:簡要介紹了當今世界數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備發(fā)展的趨勢及我國數(shù)控裝備技術(shù)發(fā)展和產(chǎn)業(yè)化的現(xiàn) 狀,在此基礎(chǔ)上討論了在我國加入 WTO 和對外開放進一步深化的新環(huán)境下,發(fā)展我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備、提高我國制造業(yè)信息化水平和國際競爭能力的重要性,并從戰(zhàn)略和策略兩個層面提出了發(fā)展我國數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備的幾點看法。 裝備工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和現(xiàn)代化程度決定著整個國民經(jīng)濟的水平和現(xiàn)代化程度,數(shù)控技術(shù)及裝備是發(fā)展新興高新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)和尖端工業(yè)(如信息技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、生物技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè)、航空、航天等國防工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè))的使能技術(shù)和最基本的裝備。馬克思曾經(jīng)說過 “ 各種經(jīng)濟時代的區(qū)別,不在于生產(chǎn)什么,而在于怎樣生產(chǎn),用什么勞動資料生產(chǎn) ” 。制造技術(shù)和裝 備就是人類生產(chǎn)活動的最基本的生產(chǎn)資料,而數(shù)控技術(shù)又是當今先進制造技術(shù)和裝備最核心的技術(shù)。當今世界各國制造業(yè)廣泛采用數(shù)控技術(shù),以提高制造能力和水平,提高對動態(tài)多變市場的適應(yīng)能力和競爭能力。此外世界上各工業(yè)發(fā)達國家還將數(shù)控技術(shù)及數(shù)控裝備列為國家的戰(zhàn)略物資,不僅采取重大措施來發(fā)展自己的數(shù)控技術(shù)及其產(chǎn)業(yè),而且在 “ 高精尖 ” 數(shù)控關(guān)鍵技術(shù)和裝備方面對我國實行封鎖和限制政策??傊?,大力發(fā)展以數(shù)控技術(shù)為核心的先進制造技術(shù)已成為世界各發(fā)達國家加速經(jīng)濟發(fā)展、提高綜合國力和國家地位的重要途徑。 數(shù)控技術(shù)是用數(shù)字信息對機械運動和工作 過程進行控制的技術(shù),數(shù)控裝備是以數(shù)控技術(shù)為代表的新技術(shù)對傳統(tǒng)制造產(chǎn)業(yè)和新興制造業(yè)的滲透形成的機電一體化產(chǎn)品,即所謂的數(shù)字化裝備,其技術(shù)范圍覆蓋很多領(lǐng)域: (1)機械制造技術(shù); (2)信息處理、加工、傳輸技術(shù); (3)自動控制技術(shù); (4)伺服驅(qū)動技術(shù); (5)傳感器技術(shù); (6)軟件技術(shù)等。 1 數(shù)控技術(shù)的發(fā)展趨勢 數(shù)控技術(shù)的應(yīng)用不但給傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)帶來了革命性的變化,使制造業(yè)成為工業(yè)化的象征,而且隨著數(shù)控技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的擴大,他對國計民生的一些重要行業(yè)( IT、汽車、輕工、醫(yī)療等)的發(fā)展起著越來越重要的作用,因為這 些行業(yè)所需裝備的數(shù)字化已是現(xiàn)代發(fā)展的大趨勢。從目前世界上數(shù)控技術(shù)及其裝備發(fā)展的趨勢來看,其主要研究熱點有以下幾個方面[ 1~ 4]。 1. 1 高速、高精加工技術(shù)及裝備的新趨勢 效率、質(zhì)量是先進制造技術(shù)的主體。高速、高精加工技術(shù)可極大地提高效率,提高產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量和檔次,縮短生產(chǎn)周期和提高市場競爭能力。為此日本先端技術(shù)研究會將其列為 5 大現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù)之一,國際生產(chǎn)工程學(xué)會( CIRP)將其確定為 21世紀的中心研究方向之一。 在轎車工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,年產(chǎn) 30 萬輛的生產(chǎn)節(jié)拍是 40 秒 /輛,而且多品種加工是轎車裝備必須解決的重點問題之一;在航空和宇航工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,其加工的零部件多為薄壁和薄筋,剛度很差,材料為鋁或鋁合金,只有在高切削速度和切削力很小的情況下,才能對這些筋、壁進行加工。近來采用大型整體鋁合金坯料 “掏空 ”的方法來制造機翼、機身等大型零件來替代多個零件通過眾多的鉚釘、螺釘和其他聯(lián)結(jié)方式拼裝,使構(gòu)件的強度、剛度和可靠性得 到提高。這些都對加工裝備提出了高速、高精和高柔性的要求。 從 EMO2021 展會情況來看,高速加工中心進給速度可達 80m/min,甚至更高,空運行速度可達 100m/min 左右。目前世界上許多汽車廠,包括我國的上海通用汽車公司,已經(jīng)采用以高速加工中心組成的生產(chǎn)線部分替代組合機床。美國 CINCINNATI 公司的 HyperMach 機床進給速度最大達 60m/min,快速為 100m/min,加速度達 2g,主軸轉(zhuǎn)速已達 60000r/min。加工一薄壁飛機零件,只用 30min,而同樣的零件在一般高速銑床加工需 3h,在普通銑床加工需 8h;德國 DMG 公司的雙主軸車床的主軸速度及加速度分別達 12*!000r/mm 和1g。 在加工精度方面,近 10 年來,普通級數(shù)控機床的加工精度已由 10μm 提高到 5μm ,精密級加工中心則從 3~5μm ,提高到 1~ ,并且超精密加工精度已開始進入納米級 () 。 在可靠性方面,國外數(shù)控裝置的 MTBF 值已達 6000h 以上,伺服系統(tǒng)的 MTBF 值達到 30000h 以上,表現(xiàn)出非常高的可靠性。 為了實現(xiàn)高速、高精加工,與之配套的功能部件如電主軸、直線電機得到了快速的發(fā)展,應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域進一步擴大。 軸聯(lián)動加工和復(fù)合加工機床快速發(fā)展 采用 5 軸聯(lián)動對三維曲面零件的加工,可用刀具最佳幾何形狀進行切削,不僅光潔度高,而且效率也大幅度提高。一般認為, 1 臺 5 軸聯(lián)動機床的效率 可以等于 2 臺 3 軸聯(lián)動機床,特別是使用立方氮化硼等超硬材料銑刀進行高速銑削淬硬鋼零件時, 5 軸聯(lián)動加工可比 3 軸聯(lián)動加工發(fā)揮更高的效益。但過去因 5 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控系統(tǒng)、主機結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜等原因,其價格要比 3 軸聯(lián)動數(shù)控機床高出數(shù)倍,加之編程技術(shù)難度較大,制約了 5 軸聯(lián)動機床的發(fā)展。 當前由于電主軸的出現(xiàn),使得