【導(dǎo)讀】產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)是用于產(chǎn)品，及它的部件裝配的計(jì)劃。為了把產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)轉(zhuǎn)換成一個(gè)實(shí)際物。在以下文章中,我們將解釋工藝規(guī)程制訂和他的一些相關(guān)主題。工藝規(guī)程制訂與產(chǎn)品制造物流管理有關(guān)系。面與原料分類及獲得滿足制造充分?jǐn)?shù)量產(chǎn)品要求的資源有關(guān)。必須根據(jù)所提出的詳細(xì)的設(shè)計(jì)說明書規(guī)范完成給定零件或產(chǎn)品制造。藝范圍和多樣性通常由于公司車間可用設(shè)備和技術(shù)能力而受到限制。在公司內(nèi)部不能夠。資料的限制，我們稍后將會回到這一點(diǎn)。工藝步驟以最合乎邏輯的順序被發(fā)展制訂。下列各項(xiàng)是在工藝規(guī)程制訂范圍里的許多決。肢體動作也被指定。對于單個(gè)零件，加工順序通過一種被稱為進(jìn)路表的表格來進(jìn)行文件證明備份。操作像沖裁和彎曲通常是二級工序。到裝配線個(gè)別工位并被叫做人工投入線性平衡法的程序組成。能為公司使用的每一個(gè)組成要求制造或購買決定。公司工廠設(shè)備和勞動的閑置，購買零件的表面優(yōu)勢就會喪失。為一個(gè)特定零件被引述的價(jià)格是100個(gè)單位的每單位$。

　　

【正文】 addition to manufacturing engineering, other function are also involved in the product development cycle, such as quality engineering, the manufacturing departments, field service, vendors supplying critical ponents, and in some cases the customer who will use the product. All if these functions can make contributions during product development to improve not only the new product’s function and performance, but also its produceability, inspectability, testability, serviceability, and maintainability. Through early involvement, as opposed to reviewing the final product design after it is too late to conveniently make any changes in the design, the duration of the product development cycle is substantially reduced. Concurrent engineering includes several elements: (1) design for several manufacturing and assembly, (2) design for quality, (3) design for cost, and (4) design for life cycle. In addition, certain enabling technologies such as rapid prototyping, virtual prototyping, and organizational changes are required to facilitate the concurrent engineering approach in a pany. Design for Manufacturing and Assembly It has been estimated that about 70% of the life cycle cost of a product is determined by basic decisions made during product design. These design decisions include the material of each part, part geometry, tolerances, surface finish, how parts are organized into subassemblies, and the assembly methods to be used. Once these decisions are made, the ability to reduce the manufacturing cost of the product is limited. For example, if the product designer decides that apart is to be made of an aluminum sand casting but which processes features that can be achieved only by machining(such as threaded holes and close tolerances), the manufacturing engineer has no alternative expect to plan a process sequence that starts with sand casting followed by the sequence of machining operations needed to achieve the specified features .In this example, a better decision might be to use a plastic molded part that can be made in a single step. It is important for the manufacturing engineer to be given the opportunity to advice the design engineer as the product design is evolving, to favorably influence the manufacturability of the product. Term used to describe such attempts to favorably influence the manufacturability of a new product are design for manufacturing (DFM) and design for assembly(DFA). Of course, DFM and DFA are inextricably linked, so let us use the term design for manufacturing and assembly (DFM/A). Design for manufacturing and assembly involves the systematic consideration of manufacturability and assimilability in the development of a new product design. This includes: (1) organizational changes and (2) design principle 14 and guidelines. Organizational Changes in DFM/A. Effective implementation of DFM/A involves making changes in a pany’s organization structure, either formally or informally, so that closer interaction and better munication occurs between design and manufacturing personnel. This can be acplished in several ways: (1)by creating project teams consisting of product designers, manufacturing engineers, and other specialties (. quality engineers, material scientists) to develop the new product design。 (2) by requiring design engineers to spend some career time in manufacturing to witness firsthand how manufacturability and assembility are impacted by a product’s design。 and (3)by assigning manufacturing engineers to the product design department on either a temporary or fulltime basis to serve as reducibility consultants. Design Principles and Guidelines. DFM/A also relies on the use of design principles and guidelines for how to design a given product to maximize manucturability and assembility. Some of these are universal design guidelines that can be applied to nearly any product design situation. There are design principles that apply to specific processes, and for example, the use of drafts or tapers in casted and molded parts to facilitate removal of the part from the mold. We leave these more processspecific guidelines to texts on manufacturing processes. The guidelines sometimes conflict with one another. One of the guidelines is to “simplify part `geometric features must sometimes be added to ponents” to design the product for foolproof assembly. And it may also be desirable to bine features of several assembled parts into one ponent to minimize the number of parts in the product. In these instances, design for part manufacture is in conflict with design for assembly, and a suitable promise must be found between the opposing sides of the conflict.