【導讀】對于黃河流域社會經(jīng)濟和農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，創(chuàng)造完善水權制度。本文分析了黃河流域的水權制度存在的問題，其中包括模糊的。水權界定，無效的配置機制，低水價和水污染。首先，水權，特別是可交易的水權應當明晰界定。括水資源的使用權，有償轉讓和有償使用等權利。最后，在明確定義可交易。使水資源向高效利用的行業(yè)轉移。當水權交易發(fā)生時，水權價格應按情況調。分組成的水價體系。權市場順利建立。黃河流域采取了許多措施來減輕水資源短缺問題，諸如建。施如果能正確地采用實施，都將有力解決黃河流域水資源問題。黃河為全國占地面積9%以上的地區(qū)和億人口。為47億立方米，年均入籍流量為億立方米。整個黃河流域年均入籍流。從1972年到1998年的27年間，在黃河下游一共發(fā)生的21年的。施，但是沿著流域的各省水行政主管部門都對黃河水資源進行收費管理。近年來，黃河頻繁的干旱已在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)、據(jù)有關部門的調查和分。過低的水價不僅造成水資源嚴重浪費，而

　　

【正文】 rnmentowned water resources, and this is unfavorable for the integrated management of water resources under the market condition. In addition, the mechanism for water price is not perfect. Price is the money form of modity’s value. The price of any modity lies on its cost and scarcity. A rational water price should reflect the real value of water and the water’s effect on economy,ecology and environment. Considering the water’s monality and speciality, many Chinese scholars suggest that a rational water price includes the price of water project, the price of water resources, and the price of water environment. The price of water project is the whole laboring value of the project from water pumping to water supply. The price of water resources is water resources fee, corresponding to the scarce degree of water. Corresponding to environmental restoration and pensation, the price of water environment is the government’s charge,including the fee of wastewater discharge and treatment . Water price includes above three parts does not indicate that all the three parts will be included in the mercial water price. Tax and additional fee, etc. are also good measures. In China the present water price only involves the price of water project . The upstream water price is lower than downstream water price. For example,pared with the average water price of the upper reaches of the Yellow River was RMB yuan per cubic meter in 1998, it was RMB yuan per cubic meter of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Investment system is different from the water price management system, and the upstream water price can not be adjusted in accordance with downstream water price. Furthermore, the cost of urban water supply only pensates for the water purification expense, not for the sewage disposal expense . Secondly, water price is seriously on the low side. According to Table 4, even in the arid season, service water price is only cent/m3, and the agricultural ` 16 water price is less than cent/m3. At present water price only accounts for 30–40% of water supply cost in the Yellow River valley, and the head canal water price only accounted for 18% in 1997 and 20% in 1998. The low water price not only causes serious water waste, but also impacts the function of the watermanaging departments. Finally, the management system of water price is not perfect. There are no specific water price administrative departments and no professional charge team familiar with operational knowledge. Metering facilities, such as flow measuring weir and flowvelocity meter are outdated. There is no supervision measure about the water price of the Yellow River, and policy violation is mon. Problems with the Current Water Resources Management and Transfer System Water allocation dictated by the government is not enforced. Before the integrated water resources transfer of the Yellow River, every province’s actual water utilization is greatly different from ―1987 Scheme‖. From 1989 to 1995, Inner Mongolia and Shandong always diverted more surface water than water allocation target, so did Qinghai in 1991 and 1992. On the contrary, provinces of Shan’xi, Shanxi, He’nan channel much less water than the allocation goal. After the integrated water resources transfer, the situation has not changed much. Provinces of Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia draw much more water than the allocation target in the waterdrawing peak season. According to the waterdrawing report from November 2020 to June 2020, billion cubic meters’ water was allocated to these three provinces in proportion to a pan coefficient of , in contrast with actual water utilization of billion cubic meters, which cause the actual average runoff to reduce by –13% from the target. During the months of May and June of 2020, the actual runoff was reduced by 25%, 63%, and 18%, respectively, in Shizuishan, Toudaoguai and Tongguan, and the water storage of Sanmen Gorge on the Yellow River and Xiaolangdi reservoir decreased greatly. As a result, water utilization in He’nan and Shandong was seriously affected. In addition to the allocation problem, equidistant change of water utilization is not favorable for optimal configuration of water resources. ―Managerial method of water transfer of the Yellow River‖ stipulates that yearly water utilization in every province should be increased in rainy season and decreased in arid season equiproportionally. However, water resources of the Yellow River is not uniform spatially and temporally. Consequently, the provinces with less rainfall have to draw water above quota while the provinces with more water have superfluous water resources. There is no incentive pensation mechanism in China. Water is allocated according to administrative order, especially for agricultural water, and other important water utilization could be ignored. In recent years, some provinces call for water in water utilization concentration period. Thus, water transfer scheme ` 17 often needs correcting, which es down to water index for electricity generation. Because transmissionline system of electric power is not convenient for adjustment, some reservoirs have to give up water, which brings a lot of economic loss under the policy that electricity maintains water and water guarantees electricity. Water price mechanism is not carried out. How to pensate others’ benefits for some draw water above quota is still not in consideration. Inplete Legal System At present, there is no nationwide special water resources protection law in China. The stipulations about the water resources protection in existing laws are too general to be suitable for the Yellow River valley . The valley water resource protection organizations are not empowered with specific legal status, right and obligatio