【導(dǎo)讀】ofthecityofTehran，AliMadanipour，ISBN：0471957798，Press：。處理城市組織和不斷發(fā)展的復(fù)雜性，并為城市總體規(guī)劃做準(zhǔn)備。治緊張局勢之后，它們互相斗爭對石油的控制權(quán)。是由政變產(chǎn)生了伊朗王，那個后來擔(dān)任了25年的行政君主的人。隨著高出生率和農(nóng)村。向城市遷移，德黑蘭和其他大城市增長加劇甚至比以前更快地。別是在工業(yè)化的驅(qū)動下德黑蘭許多大城市有了新工作。德黑蘭的角色是國家的行政，經(jīng)濟(jì)，文化中心，它堅定而鞏固地通往外面的世界。德黑蘭戰(zhàn)后的城市擴(kuò)張，是在管制、私營部門的推動，投機(jī)性的發(fā)展下進(jìn)行的。土地和財產(chǎn)的價格不斷上漲。最重要的一步是策劃的德黑蘭綜合計劃于1968年被批準(zhǔn)。是由一個伊朗規(guī)劃師FereydunGhaffari領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下的美國的VictorGruen和伊朗的Aziz. 困地區(qū)廣泛的失業(yè)和低收入群體不斷地遷移到德黑蘭。全市將形成10個地。而在第二次，傳統(tǒng)主義者贏得了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。一系列重大問題，包括城市發(fā)展都顯示出現(xiàn)代化的偏好。從這個意義上講，該國的這兩

　　

【正文】 1993 that the plan was finally approved by the Urban Planning High Council. This plan also focused on growth management and a linear spatial strategy, using the scales of urban region, subregion, district, area and neighbourhood. It promoted conservation, decentralization, polycentric development, development of five satellite new towns, and increasing residential densities in the city. It proposed that the city be divided into 22 districts within five subregions, each with its own service centre (Shahrdarie Tehran, 2021). The 1993 plan was not weled by the municipality, which disagreed with its assessments and priorities, finding it unrealistic, expensive, and impossible to implement. The municipality produced its own strategic plan for the period 1996–2021, known as Tehran Municipalty’s First Plan, or Tehran 80. Rather than introducing a landuse plan as its goal, this was the first plan for the city that emphasized a set of strategies and propose d policies to achieve them. It identified the city’s main problems as shortage of resources to deliver its services。 the pace and pattern of urban growth。 environmental pollution。 the absence of effective public transport, and inefficient bureaucracy. The municipality’s vision for the future of the city was then outlined to have six major characteristics: a clean city, ease of movement in the city, the creation of parks and green spaces, the development of new cultural and sports facilities, reform of the municipal anization, and planning for the improvement of urban space, including preparation of prehensive and detailed plans for land use and conservation (Shahrdarie Tehran, 1996). The municipality implemented part of the proposals, such as increasing the amount of green open spaces in the south, or constructing new parts of the motorway work, which was proposed by the 1968 plan。 opening large parts of the city to new development, and easing movement across the city. Following the advice of the 1993 plan, the municipality relaxed FAR limits and allowed higher densities through bonus zoning. This, however, was not based on planning considerations, but was mainly to bring financial autonomy to the municipality. This proved to be popular with the development industry, but controversial with citizens. Developers could build taller buildings by paying fines to the municipality, in a 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯 10 policy popularly known as ‘‘selling density’’, without having to show their impacts on the surrounding environment. The face of the city, particularly in its northern parts, was transformed in a short period, consisting of medium to highrise buildings connected through wide streets and motorways. In the poorer south, a major redevelopment project, Navab, cut a motorway through the dense and decayed fabric, building gigantic superstructures on each side. The city’s administrative boundaries were expanded twice, once outward and then westward, to enpass 22 district municipalities in 700 km178。. This controversial period of reconstruction was followed by a period of democratic reform, which relaunched an elected city council for the city, which at first caused institutional confusion about its relationship with the mayor and the municipality. The council published its own vision of the city as Tehran Charter in 2021, which was the summary of the principles agreed between council members, nongovernmental anizations, and urban experts at a congress about the subject. The Charter adopted sustainability and democracy as its key principles, which were used to develop strategies for natural and built environments, transport, social, cultural and economic issues, urban management, and the city’s regional, national and international roles .