【正文】 Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editorsin chief said, Tell the truth about words, and that sums it up for me. What do you guys do all day? Stamper: The two main duties of a lexicographer are reading and defining. We read everything: books, journals, blogs, phone books, takeout menus, and so on. What we39。re looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions. When we are writing or revising a dictionary, most of our time is spent defining. We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition. Drafting definitions requires some training, some experience and a lot of concentration. It39。s very, very quiet on the editorial floor. How closely do the most lookedup words on your online dictionary seem to be related to the news or trends? Stamper: When our dictionary went online back in 1996, we could see for the first time which were the most lookedup words in English: Affect, effect and ubiquitous were the top words. It was fascinating to us173。dictionary editors spend so much time writing definitions but never could have known if anyone ever read them. We could follow what people were thinking about according to what words they were looking up. Thanks to our online dictionary, we had data.（1）What do lexicographers do? A.They collect as many words as they can and edit them into a dictionary.B.They interview as many people as they can to collect new words.C.They do research about language and edit the truth about words.D.They make deep studies of social and cultural trends.（2）What39。s the function of lexicographers39。 records during their reading? A.The records show how large the dictionary is.B.The records contain what kind of things they read.C.The records are the main things to add to the database.D.The records offer the raw material to the editors.（3）Which of the following is the correct order of a lexicographer defining a word? a. Write a draft of the definition.b. Conclude the usage of the word.c. Pay attention to the new words and new senses.d. Decide whether the usage has been covered.A.adbcB.dbacC.bdcaD.cbda（4）What does this passage mainly talk about? A.Observers of the language.B.Process of making a dictionary.C.Development of language.D.Experience of editing new words.【答案】 （1）C（2）D（3）C（4）A 【解析】【分析】本文主要講述的是語(yǔ)言的觀察者——詞典編纂者。 （1）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)What is a lexicographer?中Sokolowski: A lexicographer is a person who writes or edits a dictionary. The job of a dictionary editor is to prepare and present research about language. One of our former editorsin chief said, Tell the truth about words, and that sums it up for me.(詞典編纂者是編寫(xiě)或編輯詞典的人。詞典編輯的工作是準(zhǔn)備和提出關(guān)于語(yǔ)言的研究。我們的一位前主編說(shuō):說(shuō)出關(guān)于文字的真相，這就是我的總結(jié)。)可知，詞曲編纂者研究語(yǔ)言，編輯關(guān)于文字的真相。故選C。 （2）推理判斷題。根據(jù)What do you guys do all day?中What we39。re looking for are words that catch our eye. We record the context of these words and information about the sources. Those records are added to a database, and they are the raw material we use in writing definitions.（我們要找的是能引起我們注意的詞。我們記錄這些單詞的上下文和關(guān)于來(lái)源的信息。這些記錄被添加到數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中，它們是我們編寫(xiě)定義時(shí)使用的原材料。）可知，詞典編纂者在閱讀過(guò)程中記錄的作用是這些記錄為編輯提供了原始資料。故選D。 （3）細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第六段中We define a word according to how it is used in the recorded context, deciding whether the usage has been covered by our dictionary. Once this is done, you look at the new words and new senses and draft a definition.（我們根據(jù)一個(gè)單詞在記載的上下文中如何使用來(lái)定義它，決定這個(gè)用法是否已經(jīng)被我們的字典所涵蓋。一旦這樣做了，你會(huì)看到新的單詞和新的含義，然后起草一個(gè)定義。）可知，首先是總結(jié)出這個(gè)詞的用法，第二步是決定是否涵蓋了使用情況，第三步是收集新單詞和新含義，然后寫(xiě)含義，故選C。 （4）主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二、三段The MerriamWebster(韋氏詞典)lexicographers(詞典編纂者)are part of a team that edits the dictionary. In a recent interview, Sokolowski and Stamper talked about their job and what the way we use words says about us collectively.（韋氏詞典編纂者是編輯該詞典的一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員。在最近的一次采訪中，索科洛夫斯基和斯坦普談到了他們的工作，以及我們使用詞語(yǔ)的方式反映了我們的集體特征。）和So to know more about them, observers of the language, maybe we should start with some background.（所以為了更多地了解這些語(yǔ)言的觀察者，也許我們應(yīng)該從一些背景知識(shí)開(kāi)始。）可知，本文講述的是語(yǔ)言的觀察者——詞典編纂者。故選A。 【點(diǎn)評(píng)】考查閱讀理解。本文涉及細(xì)節(jié)理解題、推理判斷題和主旨大意題三種常考題型。細(xì)節(jié)理解題可以從原文直接找或歸納答案。推理判斷題結(jié)合上下文綜合推理。主旨大意題找關(guān)鍵詞，找出主題句。8．閱讀短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。 Throughout our daily lives, we have known plenty of people and will know more. But how can we tell if someone is trustworthy? In a paper published recently in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researcher gave us the answer. The researchers asked 401 adults from the United States to fill out a questionnaire measuring their guiltproneness (內(nèi)疚傾向) in different situations as well as several other qualities, and then play a short online game. In this game, Player 1 is given $1, which they can choose to give to Player2. Any money given to Player 2 is then automatically increased to $. Player 2 can then decide whether to keep all of the money or behave in a trustworthy way by returning a portion of the money to Player 1. The researchers found more guiltprone people were more likely to share the money with Player 1. Actually, in followup studies, guiltproneness predicted trustworthiness better than other personality qualities the researchers measured. Why might guilt lead to trustworthy behavior? The researchers found people who were guiltprone also reported feeling an obligation to act in ethical (合乎道德的) and responsible ways while interacting (互動(dòng)) with their partners in the game. People who are guiltprone tend to avoid engaging in behavior that might harm or disappoint others. If they do something bad, guilt encourages