【正文】 onfined to the inland waterway system, which requires shippers to be located on the waterway or to use another transportation mode in bination with water. Also, water service on the average is slower than rail. Availability and dependability of water service are the greatly influenced by the weather.167。 Water services are provided in all legal forms,167。 Loss and damage costs resulting from transporting by water are considered low relative to other modesPipeline167。 To date, pipeline transportation offers a very limited range of services and capabilities.167。 Product movement by pipeline is very slow, only about 3 to 4 miles per hour.167。 Weather is not a significant factor, and pumping equipment is highly reliable. Intermodal services 聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸167。 In recent years, there has been increased use of shipping by more than one transportation mode. 167。 Not all of these binations are practical.167。 Only rail and truck, called piggyback, has seen widespread use. Truckwater binations, referred to as fishyback, are gaining acceptance。Trailer on flatcar167。 Trail on flatcar (TOFC), or piggyback, refers to transporting truck trailers on road flatcars, usually over longer distances than trucks normally haul.Containerized freight167。 The standardized container is a piece of equipment that is transferable to all surface transportation modes with exception of pipeline167。 In a truckrail intermodal service, it is possible to haul only the container, thus saving the dead weight of the understructure and wheels. Such a service is called COFC, or container on flatcar.Agencies and small shipment services 代理和小型貨物運(yùn)輸服務(wù)Agents167。 Several agencies exist that offer transportation services to shippers but own little or no linehaul equipment. Smallshipment services167。 Parcel post is a smallshipment delivery service offered by the . Postal Service.167。 In addition to agencies that specialize in smallshipment service, linehaul carriers also move small shipment. Companycontrolled transportation 由公司控制的運(yùn)輸167。 An alternative that is available is to provide transportation service through pany ownership of equipment or contracting for transportation service. Ideally, the user hopes to gain better operating performance, greater availability and capacity of transportation service, and a lower cost Transport cost characteristics運(yùn)輸成本特性167。 Variable and fixed costs 可變成本和固定成本167。 Cost characteristics by mode 不同運(yùn)輸方式的成本特性Variable and fixed costs可變成本和固定成本167。 A transportation service incurs a number of costs, such as labor, fuel, maintenance, terminal, roadway, administrative, and others. 167。 it is useful to consider costs that are constant over the “normal” operating volume of the carrier as fixed. All other costs are treated as variable.Cost characteristics by mode不同運(yùn)輸方式的成本特性Rail 167。 The railroad has the characteristics of high fixed cost and relatively low variable cost. Highway167。 The fixed costs are the lowest of any carrier and variable costs tend to be highWater167。 High terminal costs and low linehaul costs. Air167。 It is similar to water and highway carriers.167。 Combined fixed and variable expense generally make air transportation a premium servicePipeline167。 Pipeline parallels the railroad in its cost characteristics. Summary 小結(jié)167。 . Singleservice choices include rail, truck, air, water, and pipeline and the advantages and disadvantage of these choices. 167。 Intermodal services have ten possibilities, but all are not feasible. Companycontrolled transportation and international transportation are different in many fields.167。 Last, transportation has many kinds, different transportation mode has different cost characteristics.New words and special terms 生詞與短語167。 hauler n. 承運(yùn)人167。 carload n. 整車；整車量167。 reconsignment n. 再交付167。 LTL lessthan truckload 零擔(dān)貨運(yùn)167。 muter n. 通勤167。 barge n. 駁船167。 navigation n. 導(dǎo)航167。 intermodal n. 聯(lián)合運(yùn)輸167。 piggyback n. 背載式運(yùn)輸167。 fishyback n. 背負(fù)式運(yùn)輸167。 flatcar n. 平臺(tái)貨車167。 TOFC trailer on flatcar 鐵路平板車167。 chassis n. 底盤167。 forwarder n. 代運(yùn)人167。 broker n. 經(jīng)紀(jì)人167。 stevedoring cost 裝卸成本Questions 思考題167。 Explain the singleservice choices in detail.167。 What is the TOFC?167。 Please pare the cost of rail with water.Chapter 9 Logistics channels in international distribution第9章 國際分銷中的物流渠道Introduction引言167。 The success of the transportation industry in developing a fast, reliable, and efficient transportation system has substantially contributed to the dramatically expanding level of international trade occurring in the last 30 years. Movement to port or airport到港口或機(jī)場的運(yùn)輸167。 For air shipments, or for products moving by rail or truck to an adjacent country, the movement from the manufacturer’s plant is similar to that for domestic sales. 167。 Ports that handled foreign trade were traditionally grouped for ratemaking purposes. 167。 Traffic destined to move through ports is first loaded aboard intermodal containers at an inland point and then sent forward without interruption. International air freight國際貨物空運(yùn)167。 Air freight has had a very profound effect on international distribution because the airplane has reduced worldwide time distances. 167。 The three types of international air freight operations are chartered aircraft, scheduled air carriers, and integrated air carriers, specializing in carrying parcels. A newer development in international air freight is international parcel services .Ocean shipping海運(yùn)167。 Types of ocean cargoes海運(yùn)貨物的類型167。 Shipping conferences and alliances海運(yùn)會(huì)議與聯(lián)盟167。 Containers集裝箱Surface transport in other countries其他國家的陸地運(yùn)輸 167。 Ship owners in the drycargo trades are extending their involvement along the supply chain to include land transportation and warehousing. 167。 Trucks appear to be in universal use. 167。 Smaller ocean going ships are employed. 167。 carrying individual bags on their shoulders and walking up and down gangplanks 167。 RORO shipping involves the use of trailers, rather than containers Summary 小結(jié)167。 The movement of goods requires cooperation and coordination among seller, buyer, and many inte