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10 圖 1 圓柱凸輪槽的二維展開圖 二、求解模型 在圓柱凸輪槽的數(shù)控加工中,如何求出每道工序中加工兩個側(cè)表面的刀位軌跡是其中的關(guān)鍵。對于圓柱表面上的凸輪槽,通常是先將圓柱面展開,在 XOS 平面內(nèi)求出該工序加工兩個側(cè)表面的刀位軌跡的展開曲線 XS;然后通過坐標轉(zhuǎn)換,將展開曲線 XS轉(zhuǎn)換為四坐標機床上 的刀位軌跡。下面討論任一加工工序中展開曲線 XS 的求解方法,以及生成最后刀位軌跡的坐標轉(zhuǎn)換方法。 XS 的求解 如圖 2 所示,其中 Lo 為圓柱凸輪槽的中心線,對于第 i 道工序, Lli 和 Lri 分別為該工序?qū)⒁庸さ牟矍坏淖?、右兩個側(cè)表面展開曲線,此槽寬為 Bi,加工刀具半徑為 r(顯然 2r≤Bi),加工此槽腔左、右側(cè)面的刀位軌跡展開曲線為 CLli 和 CLri,設(shè) Po 為槽腔中心線上的一個點, no 為槽腔中心線在 Po 點處的法矢,那么左、右刀位軌跡展開曲線上對應(yīng)點 Pli 和 Pri 的計算方法為: (1) 圖 2 圓柱凸輪槽的二維展開圖 將 Po 點沿著槽腔中心線移動,即可以求出該工序刀位軌跡在 XOS 平面內(nèi)的展開曲線 XS;按照加工工序,依次改變每道工序中的槽寬度 Bi,即可求出加工所需槽腔所有刀位軌跡的展開曲線。 以上計算是在圓柱面的展開平面內(nèi)進行的,為了求出加工圓柱凸輪槽腔的刀位軌跡,必須將平面內(nèi)的展開曲線轉(zhuǎn)換到圓柱面上。 假設(shè)轉(zhuǎn)動軸為繞 X 軸的 A 軸, Pi 為刀位軌跡上的一個刀位點,它在二維平面展開曲線上的坐標為 (x,s),在四坐標機床上的坐標為 (x,y,z,a)。由于圓柱凸輪槽腔通常是等深的,因此, z 坐標在設(shè)置為所需要加工的深度值之后,在加工中是不變的;對于其余三數(shù)控加工技術(shù)與應(yīng)用 (文獻翻譯 ) 11 個坐標,構(gòu)造出以下坐標轉(zhuǎn)換公式: (2) 式中, R 為圓柱凸輪軸的半徑。上式是目前普遍使用的坐標轉(zhuǎn)換公式,對于用標準刀具沿凸輪槽中心線銑削加工圓柱凸輪是正確的。 當將上式推廣應(yīng)用于寬槽圓柱凸輪的數(shù)控加工時,通過坐標轉(zhuǎn)換計算的刀位軌跡在實際加工中卻產(chǎn)生了一些問題。在圓柱凸輪槽加工完畢后,為了檢 驗是否符合要求,用直徑等于圓柱凸輪滾子的檢具進行檢驗,卻發(fā)現(xiàn)所加工的槽寬窄不等、有卡殼的現(xiàn)象。仔細觀察,原來加工出來的槽腔的法截面并不總是上下等寬的矩形槽,而有時是上寬下窄的喇叭槽。為了弄清楚其中的原因,對公式 (2)所表示的坐標轉(zhuǎn)換方法進行了深入的分析和研究。 如圖 3 所示,由公式 (1)可知,加工槽腔兩個側(cè)表面的刀位軌跡線上的 Pl 和 Pr 點是由槽腔中心線上的 Po 等距偏置而得,按公式 (2)轉(zhuǎn)換之后, Pl 和 Pr 點對應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)角并不等于 Po 點的轉(zhuǎn)角,也即 Pl 和 Pr 對應(yīng)的刀軸矢量 VlVl 與 Po 點對應(yīng)的刀軸矢量 VoVo 不平行,因此,加工出來的槽腔自然就成了上寬下窄喇叭槽,而不是所需要的上下等寬的矩形槽。設(shè)截面與軸線的夾角為θ,圓柱凸輪軸的半徑為 R,刀軸矢量 VlVl 與 VoVo 的角度誤差為: Δ a= (B/2- r)sinθ /R (3) 圖 3 圓柱凸輪槽加工示意圖 由公式 (3)可知,當θ= 0176。,也即凸輪槽中心線與圓柱軸線垂直時,角度 誤差為零,即槽腔是上下等寬的矩形口;當θ= 90176。,也即凸輪槽中心線與圓柱軸線平行時,角度誤差達到最大,此時槽腔的喇叭口現(xiàn)象最嚴重;當 0<θ< 90176。時,隨著θ的增大,角度誤差越大,喇叭口現(xiàn)象也就越嚴重。實際加工出現(xiàn)的現(xiàn)象與上述分析完全一致,這說明公式 (3)的分析是完全正確的。 由上面的分析可知,公式 (2)造成凸輪槽為上寬下窄喇叭口的主要原因是, Pl和 Pr點對應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)角是按照這兩個點自己的弧長值 Sl和 Sr來計算的,而 Sl和 Sr是不等于槽腔中心點 Po的弧長值 So。因此 ,如果 Pl和 Pr點對應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)角均按照槽腔中心點 Po的弧長值 So來計算,就可以消除這種喇叭槽現(xiàn)象。根據(jù)這種思路,重新構(gòu)造坐標轉(zhuǎn)換公式。 在圓柱面的二維展開平面上,設(shè)槽腔中心線展開曲線上的一個點為 Po(xo,so),加工兩個側(cè)表面上對應(yīng)刀位點在展開曲線上的點為 Pl(xl,sl)和 Pr(xr,sr),那么,坐標轉(zhuǎn)換公式數(shù)控加工技術(shù)與應(yīng)用 (文獻翻譯 ) 12 為: (4) 應(yīng)用公式 (4)生成的刀位軌跡加工圓柱凸輪槽時,結(jié)果完全符合上述的設(shè)想,加工出來的圓柱凸輪槽已經(jīng)沒有了上寬下窄的喇叭槽現(xiàn)象,而是真正的上下等寬矩形槽。 數(shù)控加工技術(shù)與應(yīng)用 (文獻翻譯 ) 13 文獻翻譯 原文 1 Digital System in The Horizontal Grinder Application of The Status Quo and Development Trend Modern industrial production, small and large parts for the production of products of the increasing proportion of parts plexity and precision requirements rapidly increase, the traditional general machine tools has bee increasingly difficult to meet the requirements of modern production, and a highprecision CNC machine tools, highefficiency, the use of a machine can plete plex type face processing characteristics, in particular the rapid development of puter technology and the widespread use of digital systems, digital devices from almost all major software functions to achieve, almost to a hardware, thereby making it more flexible processing, functional stronger. Manufacturing petition from lower labour costs early, product cost and improve their overall efficiency and quality of petition, to meet customer demands prehensive, actively develop new products petitive, will face knowledge technical updated products has bee shorter and shorter, an increasing number of small products, and the quality, performance requirements are higher, Meanwhile munity to environmental protection, the growing awareness of green manufacturing. Therefore advanced manufacturing technology will be quickly won the petition and survival of the enterprise, the principal means of development. Computer information technology and manufacturing automation technology more closely integrated, flexible production automation as an important foundation for digital machine in the production of machine tools to share more. First, digital Ping finds the status quo and digital systems primaril. First, digital Ping finds the status quo and digital systems primarily. Horizontal grinder pared to the lathe, milling machine, using digital systems later, the special requirements because of its digital systems. In the past decade, with the technical facility, grinder, the grinding wheel for repair, automatic pensation, automatic exchange grinding wheel, and more workstations, such as automatic transmission and Zhuangjia working inoperable realized, and digital technology in the horizontal grinder, gradually spread. In recent Hanover, Tokyo, Chicago, and other large domestic machine tool exhibition, CNC grinder throughout the grinder, for the majority of the exhibits, such as Germany Blohm pany ELB panies such famous grinder factories no longer produce ordinary grinder Japanese Forces, Japan, the pany also Hing bulk production facilitywide functional ping 數(shù)控加工技術(shù)與應(yīng)用 (文獻翻譯 ) 14 himself. in the development of highgrade digital ping himself while actively developing, low digital ping himself. German production pany a few years ago ELB brilliant series two coordinates facility shaped grinder, the vertical and horizontal axis for digital, vertical for hydraulic control, grinding wheel repair work platform installed in a roller diamonds, the application of broader。 SUPERBRILLIANT series is onedimensional and shaped grinder Sanzuobiao facility, the beds are manufactured using natural granite, high geometric accuracy, slide away from straight rolling guide, driving without recoiling machinery, thus ensuring a better working surface smoothness。 BRILLIANTFUTURE series of improvements to the above two products, using artificial granite bed was produced by static pressure vertical guide, Chixing belt transmission, vertical and horizontal guide for pre reinforced straight rolling guide, Gunzhusigang transmission, threea