【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 udents,wouldbeinsultedtobecalled“women“.WhileintheWest,informal,publicsettings,itiscustomarytocallanywomanwhoispastpubertyawoman,eventhoughshemaynotbelegallyoldenoughtovote,marry,purchasealcoholicbeverages,driveacar,orsignacontract.Thisterminologybecamewidespreadduringthe“women＇sliberationmovementinthe1960s“.Theterm“＇girl“issometimesinterpretedtobedemeaningordisrespectful. Case24:AnUnfairDecision Thiscasereflectsprejudice,whichinvolvesanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.Inthiscase,Mr.Biasdecidedtoselectsomeoneelse,insteadofapplicantfromthecountryLevadel,fortheposition.ThatisjustbecauseheholdsprejudicetowardspeoplefromthecountryLevadel. Chapter5VerbalInterculturalCommunication Keywords (1)Verbalinterculturalmunicationhappenswhenpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsmunicatewitheachotherbyusing (2)Dialectisaformoflanguagepeculiartoagroupofpeople,asdistinguishedfromtheliterarylanguageofthewholepeople.方言是某一群體特有的語言，與整個(gè)群體的言語不同。 (3)Sociolectreferstovariationintermsofsocialclassorstyle.（社會(huì)方言指由于社會(huì)階級(jí)或言語風(fēng)格不同而產(chǎn)生的方言。） (4)Pidginisaspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorlendslanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.洋涇浜，是一種特殊的語言變體，指為貿(mào)易等目的將兩種或幾種語言混合使用。 (5)Whenapidginlanguagebeginstoacquirenativespeakersandbeesthepermanentlanguageofaregion,itiscalledaCreole.當(dāng)有人以洋涇浜為母語，并成為某一地區(qū)永久的語言是，它就成為克里奧耳語或混合語 (6)Linguafrancareferstoaspecificlanguagethatisusedasaninternationalmeansofmunication.通用語指作為國(guó)際間交流手段的一種特殊語言。
(7)Tabooreferstoprohibitionofasetofbehaviorsthatshouldbeavoidedbecausetheyareoffensiveandimpolite.禁忌語指被禁止或避免的具有冒犯性的不禮貌行為。 (8)EuphemismisTaboo’slinguisticcounterpartbecauseitsubstitutestheoffensiveanddisturbingvocabulary.委婉語是替代具有冒犯性的不禮貌的禁忌語詞語。 （9）Jargonreferstothespecialortechnicalvocabulariesdevelopedtomeetthespecialneedsofparticularprofessionssuchasmedicineandlaw.行話指演變而來的專門的或科技詞匯，用以滿足特殊職業(yè)的特殊需要，例如醫(yī)藥和法律。
Case25:SuccessStory Oneofthesourcesofthefrustrationandmisunderstandingsthatoccurredinthiscasewasdifferentnotionsofwhatwasverballyrelevant.Inthiscase,Marywasexpectingamuchmoredirectresponsetoherquestion.Ms.Goshima,however,wasunfortablewiththequestionandfeltherresponseshouldbeveryindirectandestablishapropersenseofmodestybeforerevealingtheanswertothequestion.IfMaryhadbeenmorepatient,shewouldhaveeventuallyheardtheanswertoherquestion,butshewasnotreallypayingattentionwhenitfinallycamebecauseshefeltthatMs.Goshima＇smentsweren＇treallyrelevanttoherquery. Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication Keywords (1)Nonverbalmunication:Itreferstothemessagessentwithoutusingwords.（非言語交際：不運(yùn)用言語語言傳遞信息被稱為非言語交際。) (2)Proxemics:Itreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.（時(shí)空行為：時(shí)空行為對(duì)空間關(guān)系的研究。） (3)Kinesics:Itreferstogestures,facialexpressions,eyecontact,bodypositions,bodymovement,andformsofgreetingandtheirrelationtomunication.（身勢(shì)語行為：身勢(shì)語（也稱體態(tài)語），指手勢(shì)、面目表情、眼神交流、身體姿勢(shì)、肢體運(yùn)動(dòng)和問候方式以及和他們與交際的關(guān)系。） (4)Chronemics:Itisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.（時(shí)間行為：對(duì)于人們?nèi)绾卫斫夂屠脮r(shí)間的研究。） (5)Paralanguage:Itisthesetofaudiblesoundsthatacpanyorallanguagetoaugmentitsmeaning.（輔助語行為：為增強(qiáng)其含義，伴隨言語語言產(chǎn)生的可聽到的聲音符號(hào)系統(tǒng)。） (6)Haptics:Itreferstomunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.（觸覺行為：指通過身體接觸來交流。） (7)Chromatics:Itreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeople’sperceptions,behaviorsandimpressionsofothers.（色彩學(xué)：色彩學(xué)指對(duì)于影響人們認(rèn)知、行為和他人印象的色彩的研究。） (8)Olfactics:Itisthestudyofmunicationviasmell.（氣味行為：研究氣味對(duì)于交流的影響的學(xué)科。） (9)Oculesics:Itisthestudyofmunicationssentbytheeyes.（目光語：對(duì)于由眼睛所傳達(dá)的信息的研究。不同的文化對(duì)于交際時(shí)眼神的接觸有不同的要求。） (10)Silencecuesaffectinterpersonalmunicationbyprovidinganintervalinanongoinginteractionduringwhichtheparticipantshavetimetothink,checkorsuppressanemotion,encodealengthyresponse,orinaugurateanotherlineofthought. (11)Attirereferstoclothingandphysicalappearance.italsoservesasnonverbalsymbols. Case33:AreAmericansIndifferent? Thiscasecanreflectdifferentnonverbalmunicationpatternsexistintheactualinterculturalmunication,especiallyfacialexpressiondifferaccordingtodifferenttomostChinese,Americansliketosmilealotandtohavecausalandrichfacialexpressionsintheirdailylives,eventhoughtheyhavesomemisfortune.Inthiscase,becauseofthedifferentopinionsaboutfacialexpressionsininterculturalmunication,theAmericanladytalkedaboutherfather’ssicknessanddeathinasmilingwaytoshowshestillhastheoptimisticwaytotreatthefuturelife,whichismisunderstoodasbeingindifferentandselfishbytheChinese. Case36:Don’tPutYourHandonMyArm Thiscasecanreflectdifferentcultureshavedifferentopinionstospatialrelations.Differentcultureshaveverydifferentopinionsaboutanindividual’sunconsciouslystructuringthemicrospaceimmediatelysurroundingthephysicalbody.Someculturescanhaverelativelyclosedistancewhenmunicatingwhileotherculturescannot.Somewesternculturesconsiderbodytouchbetweenpeopleofthesamegendertobeculturaltabooandasymbolofbeingthiscase,Samisfromwesternculturesandknowsthe160