【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 et structure 寡頭壟斷的市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)Oligopoly 寡頭壟斷 賣方壟斷Open petition 公開(kāi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Operating cost 交易成本Opportunity cost 機(jī)會(huì)成本Outlaw 宣布?為非法Output 產(chǎn)出Overt cartel 公開(kāi)的卡特爾PPackage of service 一攬子服務(wù)Parallel behavior 協(xié)同的行為Parallel pricing 協(xié)同定價(jià)Parens patriae 政府監(jiān)護(hù)Partial per se standard 不完全的本身違法原則Patented product 專利產(chǎn)品Patentee 專利權(quán)人Pecuniary gain 金錢收益Pecuniary loss 金錢損失Pecuniary reward 金錢報(bào)酬P(guān)er se illegality 本身違法Per se rule 本身違法規(guī)則Per se rule of nonliability 本身無(wú)責(zé)任的原則Perfect petition 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Perfectly contestable market 完善的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)Performance test 行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Permissive test 任意性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Personal jurisdiction 屬人管轄權(quán)Pertinent information 有關(guān)的信息Plant specialization 生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化Plea 辯解Plea agreement（經(jīng)法庭批準(zhǔn)，被告為避免受到較重的處罰與控訴人達(dá)成的）認(rèn)罪協(xié)議Plus factor 附加因素Pointofsale 銷售點(diǎn)pool the patent 共享專利權(quán)Pooled patent 同源專利Positive trait 好處Postacquisition收購(gòu)之后的Postacquisition market share 收購(gòu)后的市場(chǎng)份額Postmerger market 兼并之后市場(chǎng)Postmerger market share 兼并后市場(chǎng)份額Potential petition doctrine 潛在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)理論P(yáng)otential entrant 潛在的市場(chǎng)進(jìn)入者Precedent 判例Predation claim 涉及掠奪性定價(jià)的請(qǐng)求Predatory conduct 掠奪性行為Predatory price 掠奪性價(jià)格Predatory pricing 掠奪性定價(jià)Predatory tactics 掠奪性的經(jīng)營(yíng)策略Predictability 可預(yù)期性Preemption 優(yōu)先權(quán)Preferential rate 優(yōu)惠價(jià)Premerger notification 合并前的申報(bào)Prevail 勝訴Price and nonprice restraint 價(jià)格限制與非價(jià)格限制Price concession 價(jià)格折讓Price discrimination 價(jià)格歧視Price fixing 固定價(jià)格Price offer 報(bào)價(jià)Price structure 價(jià)格結(jié)構(gòu)Price uniformity 價(jià)格聯(lián)盟Price verification 價(jià)格核查Pricefixing cartel 固定價(jià)格的卡特爾pricefixing license 固定價(jià)格的許可pricesensitive buyer 對(duì)價(jià)格敏感的購(gòu)買者Pricesetting arrangement 確定價(jià)格的安排Priceshading firm 產(chǎn)品價(jià)格不明朗的企業(yè)Pricetaker 價(jià)格接受者Pricing agreement價(jià)格協(xié)議pricing behavior定價(jià)行為Prima facie 初步印象，初步證據(jù)，表面證據(jù)Prima facie case of illegality 初步推定違法的案件Prima facie violation 以初步證據(jù)可認(rèn)定違法Primary line injury 第一級(jí)損害（對(duì)賣方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的損害）Primary line liability 第一級(jí)損害的責(zé)任Prison term 監(jiān)禁期限Private antitrust action 私人反壟斷訴訟Private attorney general 私人檢察長(zhǎng)（出庭為每個(gè)公民實(shí)施公共權(quán)力的個(gè)人）Private monopoly 私人壟斷Private treble damage claim 私人三倍損害賠償請(qǐng)求Private treble damage action私人三倍損害賠償之訴Probation 緩刑Propetitive consequence 支持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的后果product differentiation 產(chǎn)品區(qū)分，產(chǎn)品差異Product extension merger 生產(chǎn)擴(kuò)大型合并Product heterogeneity 產(chǎn)品的異質(zhì)性Product homogeneity 產(chǎn)品的同質(zhì)性Product innovation產(chǎn)品革新Product market 產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)Production quota 生產(chǎn)配額Productive efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率Profit margin利潤(rùn)幅度Profitmaximization 利潤(rùn)最大化Profitmaximizing price可以實(shí)現(xiàn)最大利潤(rùn)的價(jià)格Profitpooling agreement 分享利潤(rùn)的協(xié)議Proviso 但書Public interest 公共利益Public policy 公共政策Public price announcement 公開(kāi)報(bào)價(jià)Public utility 公用事業(yè)Pure conglomerate transaction 純混合合并uality control 質(zhì)量控制Quasipublic monopoly 準(zhǔn)國(guó)家壟斷RRadical price cut 大幅度削價(jià)Reasonable and prudent person 理性人Reasonable interchangeability 合理的可替代性Reasonableness test 合理性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Reciprocal dealing 互惠性交易R(shí)ecoupment test 賠償標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Recover damage 追償損害賠償，得到補(bǔ)償Redeeming virtue 可彌補(bǔ)其不足之處的功能Refusal to deal 拒絕交易R(shí)egrating 囤積居奇Reimburse 補(bǔ)償Relaxation of antimerger standard 反合并標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的松動(dòng)Relevant geographic market 相關(guān)地理市場(chǎng)Relevant market 相關(guān)市場(chǎng)Relevant product market 相關(guān)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)Remand the case for further finding 將案件發(fā)回下級(jí)法院要求進(jìn)一步的審查Remand to the trial court 將案件送回下級(jí)法院Remedy 救濟(jì)Rentseeking 尋租Resale margin 轉(zhuǎn)售商品中的賺頭Resale price maintenance 維持轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格Rescission of pleted transaction撤銷已完成的交易R(shí)esource allocation 資源配置Resource misallocation資源的錯(cuò)誤配置Restrict output限制產(chǎn)量Restrictive agreement/ covenant 限制競(jìng)爭(zhēng)協(xié)議Restrictive distribution contract 限制銷售協(xié)議Restrictive leasing 限制性的租賃Restrictive provision 限制性條款Retail market 零售市場(chǎng)Retail price 零售價(jià)格Retail pricefixing clause 固定零售價(jià)格的條款Revenue 收益Rival 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手rivalry test 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)行為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)RobinsonPatman Act 羅賓遜帕特曼法Royalty 專利使用費(fèi)RPM(Resale price maintenance)轉(zhuǎn)售價(jià)格維持Rule of per se legality 本身合法的原則Rule of reason criteria 合理原則的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Rule of reason 合理原則Rule of reason/a reasonableness test 合理性原則SScale economy 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Scrutiny 審查Seal of approval 認(rèn)證標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Secondary line injury 第二級(jí)損害（對(duì)買方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的損害）Selective price concession 選擇性的價(jià)格優(yōu)惠Selective price cut 選擇性削價(jià)Selfcorrect market abuse 可通過(guò)市場(chǎng)自行糾正的濫用行為Selfinterest 自身利益Seller concentration 賣方集中Separate entity 相互獨(dú)立的實(shí)體Set aside 撤銷Severe liability rule 嚴(yán)格責(zé)任原則sham conduct 欺騙性行為Sherman Act 謝爾曼法Spillover of cost 成本的溢出Spoken assurance 口頭承諾Stabilize price 固定價(jià)格Standard contract 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同Standardization 生產(chǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化Standing（起訴）資格State attorney general 州檢察長(zhǎng)Status quo 現(xiàn)狀Statutory bination 法定的聯(lián)合Statutory defense 法定的抗辯Stock ownership 股份所有權(quán)structural approach 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Structural criteria/approach 結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Structural filter school 結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)濾學(xué)派Structural model 結(jié)構(gòu)模式Structural rule 結(jié)構(gòu)性規(guī)則，即根據(jù)市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)認(rèn)定合法性Structural School 結(jié)構(gòu)主義Structural screen 市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)的審查Structuralist school市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)派Structure of an industry產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)Structureconductperformance model 結(jié)構(gòu)行為績(jī)效模型，按照市場(chǎng)結(jié)構(gòu)、市場(chǎng)行為和市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行狀況認(rèn)定市場(chǎng)是否具有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的方式Structured rule of reason standard 結(jié)構(gòu)性的合理原則Subcontractor 分包商Subdue rival 排擠競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手Submarket 亞市場(chǎng)/子市場(chǎng)Substantive merger standard 有關(guān)合并的實(shí)體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Substantive provision 實(shí)體性的規(guī)范Substantive 實(shí)體性的Substitutable可替代的Substitute替代Summarily condemned 當(dāng)即就可以認(rèn)定違法Summary condemnation 當(dāng)即宣告有罪Summary dismissal 當(dāng)場(chǎng)駁回Summary procedure 簡(jiǎn)易程序Sunk cost 沉沒(méi)成本Supply and demand elasticity 供給和需求彈性Supply substitution 供給方面的可替代性Suprapetitive pricing 較競(jìng)爭(zhēng)條件下更為有利的定價(jià)Supernormal returns 超額利潤(rùn)TTacit agreement 秘密協(xié)議Tacit collusion 心照不宣的協(xié)調(diào)Tacit coordination 秘密協(xié)調(diào)/默示協(xié)調(diào)Takeover 兼并Target firm 目標(biāo)企業(yè)Territorial division 地區(qū)劃分Territorial or customer restriction 地域或客戶的限制Tertiary line injury 第三級(jí)損害（對(duì)買方的顧客的損害）Testimony of a participantturnedinformer 由參加人變?yōu)榻野l(fā)人而揭發(fā)的證據(jù)Threatened loss or damage 可能會(huì)引起的損失或損害Tied product 搭售的產(chǎn)品（強(qiáng)迫購(gòu)買的產(chǎn)品）Tiein condition 附加條件Tieins搭售Toehold firm 有一定優(yōu)勢(shì)的微型企業(yè)Total cost 全部成本Trade association 貿(mào)易協(xié)會(huì)Trade restraint 貿(mào)易限制Transaction cost economics 交易成本經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Transaction cost交易成本Transaction frequency 交易頻率transportation barrier 交通障礙Treble damage 三倍損害賠償Trial attorney 專門出庭辦理訴訟案件的律師Trial court 初審法院Truncated or “quick look” version of the rule of reason簡(jiǎn)化了的或者快速的合理原則Trust 托拉斯，即達(dá)到可以操縱一個(gè)行業(yè)的組合Tying arrangement 搭售協(xié)議/搭售安排Tying clause 搭售條款Tying market 搭售市場(chǎng)（被搭售產(chǎn)品所在的市場(chǎng)）Tying product