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來說,大寫規(guī)則有以下幾條:(1)大寫每句話的第一個字母和直接引語的第一字母,如:He said ,”He is going to Shanghai next week”.(2)大寫專有名詞,或用作專有名詞的部分普通名詞,通常是縮略形式。如: Dr (3)大寫縮寫字母。如:MPA ,MBA ,BBC(4)文章標(biāo)題要大寫。(5)頭銜在專有名詞前要大寫,在專有名詞后就小寫。例如:Captain SmithSmith, the captain;Uncle GeorgeGeorge ,my uncle三、標(biāo)點符號錯誤及分析考生在寫文章時,一定要注意正確使用標(biāo)點符號,切忌從頭到尾只用逗號的現(xiàn)象。一定要熟練掌握常用標(biāo)點符號的基本用法,尤其要正確使用逗號和分號。作文部分是考研英語試卷中最難的主觀題,也是考生得分率較低的題型。從歷年考試來看,考生在寫作部分大量失分的原因是考生在寫作中存在一些具有代表性的普遍問題。以下是一些從考生作文中摘抄下來的例子。(1)Today, students who take part in social practice bee more and more.(2)Light will be more powerful when the circumstances is more dark.(3)As a university student, we can study hard science knowledge.(4)In remote country, some children can’t go to school because no money.(5)If we help others without thinking whether others need, it perhaps decrease others confidence.(6)I think the best way to show love is our suitable help when others are facing with difficulty and need our helps.(7)In the picture below, in the dark full situation, a little of spark enlightens the dark.(8)We offer love, more important, we need love(9)But for my roommates help I couldn’t live up not only in physics but also in spirits.(10)Let’s hold our hands to build our country filled in love 。這些問題概括起來主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面: ■ 審題不清,致使文章內(nèi)容偏離主題。如在2002年考試中,有些考生將作文的主題定位為“中國的民族服裝為何受西方人喜愛”,偏離了“文化融合”這一主題。我們知道,依據(jù)作文的評分原則,若文章內(nèi)容不切題,則不管語言如何規(guī)范、用詞如何準(zhǔn)確,都會被判為零分?!?內(nèi)容空洞,言之無物,東拉西扯,無明顯主題?!?漢語思維,逐字翻譯,中式英語。很多考生在寫英語作文時,習(xí)慣于先用漢語進(jìn)行構(gòu)思,然后再將漢語譯成英語。結(jié)果文章中出現(xiàn)很多中式英語,令人難以理解。大家最熟悉的一個典型例子是:Good good study, day day up(好好學(xué)習(xí),天天向上)?!?詞匯量小,用詞不準(zhǔn)確,詞不達(dá)意。如do some contribution中的do就屬于用詞不準(zhǔn)確,應(yīng)該用make?!?語法錯誤較多,主要表現(xiàn)為主謂不一致,第三人稱單數(shù)不加s,以及時態(tài)語態(tài)、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、句子完整性方面的錯誤。這些錯誤在考生看來可能無關(guān)緊要,但直接影響著作文的整體質(zhì)量?!?句子單調(diào),句型單一,句式缺少變化?!?不會使用起承上啟下作用的過渡詞語,文章缺乏連貫性。總之,一篇優(yōu)秀的英語作文在內(nèi)容和語言兩方面應(yīng)是一個統(tǒng)一體,任何一方面的欠缺都會直接影響到作文的質(zhì)量。然而,很多考生在寫作中或者由于粗心大意,或者由于基本功不扎實而經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)一些語法、詞匯、邏輯、語篇等方面的錯誤。這些錯誤如果得不到及時的解決,將直接影響作文得高分。下面對這幾方面的錯誤分別予以分析和說明。1)詞匯錯誤詞匯方面的錯誤主要表現(xiàn)在拼寫不正確、詞形相近而詞義不同的詞的混用、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)不清、搭配不當(dāng)?shù)取?1)拼寫錯誤拼寫是考生應(yīng)該具備的起碼的基本功,但在考生的作文中卻經(jīng)常能發(fā)現(xiàn)很多拼寫錯誤。拼寫錯誤雖然未被列入扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但大量拼寫錯誤的存在不僅體現(xiàn)出語言基本功差,同時也直接影響內(nèi)容的表達(dá)。以下例子中,劃線部分為拼寫不正確的單詞。從中可以看出,有些拼寫錯誤影響了整個句子的意思。...flower cuircling her head and Chinese Changming lock in her chest...In its long history it beared excellent culture,...In the past, we are stranged to see a person in other countries costume while now we are very familiar with I acplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school the development of saciety,...enviroment pollution,We could do anything we have a family fulling of people who love you,...(2)近形異義詞(詞組)混用英語中有很多單詞(詞組)詞形非常相似,但詞義卻相差甚遠(yuǎn),使用起來往往容易混淆。這是考研英語作文中另一詞匯方面的常見錯誤。這些詞(詞組)的混用或誤用經(jīng)常會引起歧義,有時甚至?xí)a(chǎn)生相反的意思。如contribute to 和attribute to意思就完全相反,但考生常將二者混淆;其他容易混淆的詞還有:confirm(確認(rèn))—— conform(使……適合)economic(經(jīng)濟(jì)的)—— economical(節(jié)約的)courage(勇氣)—— encourage(鼓勵)transmit(傳送)—— transform(轉(zhuǎn)換)liter(升、公升)—— litter(亂丟、亂扔)consist of(由……組成)—— consist in(存在于……)belong to(屬于)—— belong in(應(yīng)歸入……)(3)搭配不當(dāng)英語中有大量的習(xí)慣用語和固定搭配,這些搭配主要有名詞、動詞、形容詞與介詞或副詞的搭配。有些考生由于對此掌握得不夠牢固,經(jīng)常在這方面出錯,從而影響了對作文的理解。誤: to solve the question 正: to solve the problem(or: to answer the question)誤: pay attention on 正: pay attention to 誤: Many changes have : Many changes have taken : on my opinion 正: in my opinion(4)用詞不當(dāng)許多考生由于詞匯量有限,或單詞掌握得不夠牢固,因此不能正確使用已學(xué)過和已經(jīng)記住的單詞,出現(xiàn)用詞不當(dāng)、詞不達(dá)意等問題。例如: the naive spark, enlighten the dark, a happy home, calm gulf, health knowledge等。常見27種句法錯誤任何一個句子, 尤其是書面語的句子, 首先要做到合乎語法規(guī)范, 如主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整、主謂一致、正確的時態(tài)、語態(tài)等。今天我們就把句子中最常見的語法錯誤羅列出來,供大家參考借鑒。 series of debates between the two lecturers were scheduled for the next ,尤其是當(dāng)主語離謂語較遠(yuǎn)的時候。本句中的主語是series而不是debates或lectures,因此謂語應(yīng)為單數(shù)形式,也就是要把were改為was。 are many students play football on the sports ,也就是所謂的“Runon”句。兩個句子糅合在一起,沒有標(biāo)點符號隔開或用錯誤的標(biāo)點符號隔開被稱為“Runon”句。改正的方法有四種:1)變成兩個獨立的分句。那么此句就可以改為:There are many students on the sports are playing )通過使用分號和連詞變?yōu)椴⒘芯洹4司淇筛臑椋篢here are many students on the sports ground。they are playing are many students on the sports ground and they are playing )將其中的一部分改為充當(dāng)修飾成分的短語。比如這句話可以改為: There are many students playing football on the sports )通過使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞if, when, who等將其中一個句子改為從句。那么此句可以改為: There are many students who are playing football on the sports ,我們在寫作時可以根據(jù)句子表達(dá)的需要選擇最佳的句式。Barking dogs don’t 。 is a teacher I shall always she has a sweet voice and a pleasant (fragment),也就是完整句子的一部分,它不能完整的表達(dá)句義。最常見的片語多數(shù)是由從屬連詞開頭的,改正的方法就是將它跟主句合并。因此,這句話應(yīng)該改為:There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant is important to exercise because everybody seems to watch you if you fat and out of 。英語中的形容詞必須和系動詞一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)才能作謂語。因此,本句可以改為:It is important to exercise, because everybody seems to watch you if you are fat and out of great loss had killed , but actually this free her from her 。時態(tài)是英語中的難點之一,當(dāng)用某一種時態(tài)的時候,我們感覺還不是特別難,但當(dāng)兩種或兩種以上的時態(tài)混合使用的時候或許就會出現(xiàn)問題了。本句可改為:This great loss had killed , but actually this freed her from her is done by night appears by ,除非已莫為。 did not know what was happened in the 。漢語中的動詞沒有及物和不及物之分,因而中國的學(xué)生常常忽略這個問題。請大家注意不及物動詞不能直接跟賓語,也沒有被動語態(tài)。這句話應(yīng)改為:I did not know what had happened in the celebrate their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged ’s 。正確使用現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語能使句子結(jié)構(gòu)多樣化,但也不可以濫用。如果用錯了的話,還不如不用。此句可以改為:While celebrating their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged his When celebrated their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine glass broke and damaged his average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than 1880’。在使用形容詞和副詞的比較級時我們往往容易受漢語的影響,忽略比較對象應(yīng)該一致的問題。此句應(yīng)改為:The average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than that in the 1880’ a essay is difficult for students who English is a second 。一個是不定冠詞使用不當(dāng),元音因素前應(yīng)該使用an而不是a。這不是一個難點,但考試中經(jīng)常會有馬虎的考生犯這類小錯誤。二是定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞使用錯誤,應(yīng)該把who改為whose。 man had reproached by his daughter who was angry that he had deserted her mother for twenty 。請大家一定記住被動語態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:be動詞加上動詞的過去分詞,而其時態(tài)的變化是由be動詞來體現(xiàn)的。在這個句子中,應(yīng)把had改為was。 my opinion think the pany should pay for the victim’s 。有許多人寫作時受漢語的影響太多,甚至習(xí)慣對照每個字把漢語生硬地翻譯成英語。這樣就會造成一些滑稽的錯誤。最典型的莫過于“good good study, day day up”了。此句中think一詞是多余的,去掉就可以了。 I was in unive