【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 就初步設(shè)計同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。如前所訴，機械設(shè)計的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到在一個特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。應(yīng)當(dāng)把機械設(shè)計看成是機械設(shè)計人員運用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個良機。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個好的設(shè)計中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運算。例如，即使將一個小數(shù)點的位置放錯，也會使正確的設(shè)計變成錯誤的。一個好的設(shè)計人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計人員必須要有耐心，因為 所花費的時間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個全新的設(shè)計，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機械設(shè)計師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗證的設(shè)計原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。新設(shè)計本身會有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險。應(yīng)該強調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。Mechanical Design Abstract: A machine is a bination of mechanisms and other ponents which transforms, are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true term “mechanical design” is used in a broader sense than “machine design” to include their motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and : Mechanical Design mechanisms Design ProcessThe Design Process Designing starts with a need apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as putation, assembly, or the objective wholly or partly In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the , must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which the general shape and a few dimensions of the several ponents bee apparent, analysis can begin in analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a petitive proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several and their treatment will be important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction。of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy。of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection。of physical behavior of materials。and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large pany, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his design requires much research and Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best the process of material, the most mon problems for five(a)don39。t understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information,(b)failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may(such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision),(c)of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty longterm performance data is so,(d)quality control method is not suitable and unproven,(e)by some pletely inpetent persons choose to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have prehensive and the basic , a design based upon function, and a prototype may be its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate Rules for Design In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical, and durable stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and first six rules are particularly applicable for the creative use of need of physical properties and control functional loads and their unintentional more favorable loading for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum basic equations to proportion and optimize materials for a bination of carefully, stock and integral a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce for accurate location and noninterference of parts in design covers the following an introduction to the de