【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 understanding between the two countries. 他的來訪增進(jìn)了兩國間更好的理解。 Drunk driving contributed to her death. 酒駕是她死亡的原因。 Chen Guangbiao, a Chinese businessman in Jiangsu Province, made a contribution of ￥ 1,000,000 to the earthquake struck Chile. 陳光標(biāo)，一位來自中國江蘇的商人，向遭 受地震災(zāi)害的智利災(zāi)區(qū)捐獻(xiàn)了一百萬人民幣。 [自主歸納 ] ① contribute sth. to 向 ?? 捐獻(xiàn) /捐贈 /捐助；向 ?? 撰稿 ② contribute to 增加，增進(jìn)；是 ?? 的原因，導(dǎo)致 ③ make a contribution to 為 ?? 作貢獻(xiàn) [多角度演練 ] 1． 完成句子 ① Does smoking contribute_to lung cancer? 吸煙會導(dǎo)致肺癌嗎？ ② Honesty and hard work contribute_to_success_and_happiness. 誠實(shí)加苦干有助于成功和幸福。 ③ She has_contributed_several_poems_to literary magazines. 她給文學(xué)刊物投了幾首詩稿。 2. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換 ④ Less exercise leads to his bad health. → Less exercise contributes to his bad health. ⑤ He donated a lot to the disaster hit area. → He contributed a lot to the disaster hit area. ⑥ The doctor contributes a lot to the public health. → The doctor makes a great contribution to the public. 3． 單項(xiàng)填空 ⑦ Eating too much fat can ________ heart trouble and cause high blood pressure. A． result from B． attend to C． contribute to D． devote to 解析： 句意：攝入太多的脂肪會導(dǎo)致心臟問題和高血壓。 result from“ 起因于 ” ； attend to“ 照料 ” ； contribute to“ 促成，導(dǎo)致 ” ； devote to“ 奉獻(xiàn) ” 。根據(jù)句意，選項(xiàng) C 符合題意。 答案： C 1． My father made a really funny speech about life_starting_at_sixty five,_and he thanked everyone for bringing him a present. 我父親做了一場關(guān)于 “ 生活從 65 歲起步 ” 的十分有趣的演講，并對送他禮物的每個人 都表示了感謝。 (1) life starting 是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作介詞 about 的賓語， life 是其邏輯主語。 (2)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，即： “ 物主代詞或名詞所有格＋動詞 ing形式 ” ，其中代詞或名詞與動名詞之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作主語或賓語等。在現(xiàn)代英語，特別在口語中，復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語時名詞所有格常用普通格，物主代詞也常用賓格代詞代替 (在句中作主 語時除外 )。 John39。s taking part in the party made us all happy. 約翰來參加晚會使我們大家都很高興。 Can you imagine a woman39。s being an astronaut? 你能想象一個女性作為宇航員嗎？ I still remember my/me being taken to Beijing for the first time. 我仍然記得第一次被帶到北京的情況。 [多角度演練 ] 1． 用動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)完成句子 ① 學(xué)生學(xué)好了英語對學(xué) 習(xí)法語有幫助。 The_students39。_knowing_English_well will help them to learn French. ② 我記得湯姆去過那里。 I remember Tom39。s/Tom_going_there. 2． 單句改錯 ③ He came late because of there was no bus. 答案： 去掉 of 或?qū)?was→ being ④ Tom being absent made her angry. 答案： Tom→ Tom39。s 3． 單項(xiàng)填空 ⑤ At the beginning of class, the noise of desks ________ could be heard outside the classroom. A． opened and closed B． to be opened and closed C． being opened and closed D． to open and close 解析： 句意：剛開始上課的時候，開關(guān)書桌的聲音在教室外都能聽到。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞 of 后面接動詞作賓語時，必須用 v. ing形式。四個選項(xiàng)中，只有 C答案為 v. ing形式，故選 C。 答案： C 2． Don39。t worry if you can39。t understand everything. 如果你無法全部聽懂，也不要擔(dān)心。 not ...everything 是部分否定，表示 “ 并不都 ??” 。 (1)部分否定： both, all, every 及其相關(guān)合成詞用于否定句時，通常表示部分否定。 all ...not ... ＝ not all ... 并非所有的 ?? 都 ?? both ...not ... ＝ not both ... 并非兩個 ?? 都 ?? every ...not ... ＝ not every ... 并非每一個 ?? 都 ?? Not all body languages mean the same thing in different countries. 并非所有的身勢語在不同的國家都具有相同的意思。 Not every student can understand him. 并非每一位同學(xué)都能理解他的意思。 (2)完全否定：若表示完全否定，可借助于 none, no one, nobody, nothing, neither 等。 None of the students can understand him. 沒有一個學(xué)生能理解他的意思。 [多角度演練 ] 1． 將下列句子改為全部否定句 ① Both of them lived in London. → Neither_of_them_lived_in_London. ② Everything here doesn39。t go well. → Nothing_here_goes_well. 2． 完成句子 ③ Not_all that glitters is gold. 閃光的東西不一定都是金子。 ④ Not_everyone_is honest. 并不是每個人都誠實(shí)。 3． 單項(xiàng)填空 ⑤ —Which of the two puter games did you prefer? —Actually I didn39。t like ________. A． both of them B． either of them C． none of them D． neither of them 解析： 句意： “ 這兩款計算機(jī)游戲你更喜歡哪一個？ ”“ 實(shí)際上兩個游戲我都不喜歡。 ” either 與 not 連用，表示 “ 兩者都不 ” ，相當(dāng) 于 neither。 both 與 not 連用表示部分否定，意為 “ 并不是兩個都喜歡 ” 。 none 表示三者或三者以上的全部否定。 答案： B 3 ． After the ceremony, the guests can attend a wedding reception, which_is_usually_a_huge_party_and_can_last_through_the_night. 婚禮結(jié)束后，客人可以參加婚宴?；檠绲囊?guī)模通常很大，持續(xù)通宵。 (1)本句中 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，在從句中作主語，先行詞 為 reception。 (2)非限制性定語從句： 非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞的附加說明，與先行詞之間一般用逗號隔開；如果去掉從句，意義仍然完整。非限制性定語從句的先行詞可以是單個的名詞或代詞，也可以是句子的一部分或整個句子。 , who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine. 張先生是我的一位朋友，他昨天來看我了。 He didn39。t pass the final exam, which we hadn39。t expected. 他沒有通過期末考試，這一點(diǎn)我們沒有預(yù)料到。 As is known to us all, the whole globe is getting warmer. 如我們大家所知，全球正在變暖。 [多角度演練 ] 1． 完成句子 ① 這幢房子很漂亮，我們上個月買的。 The house, which_we_bought_last_month,_is very nice. ② 比爾 格林上周出國了，他曾經(jīng)是我最好的朋友。 Bill Green, who_was_my_best_friend,_went abroad last week. ③ 當(dāng)我們到達(dá)那里時，她已經(jīng)走了，這使我們很掃興。 She had left when we got there, which_made_us_very_disappointed. 2． 單項(xiàng)填空 ④ His movie won several awards at the film festival, ________ was beyond his wildest dream. A． which B． that C． where D． it 解析： which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 ，指代整個主句的內(nèi)容。 答案： A have to/not have to, can/can39。t, ought to/ought not to ① The bridegroom has to ask the bride39。s father for his daughter39。s hand in marriage. ② You don39。t have to contribute a lot of money. ③ And what kind of present do I have to take? ④ That can39。t be Mary — she39。s in hospital. ⑤ There is someone outside — who can it be? ⑥ Can you speak Spanish? ⑦ If you really want to see it, you ought to ask first. ⑧ However, you ought not to go to the ceremony. [我的發(fā)現(xiàn) ] (1)句 ① 中 have to 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上的必要性，常譯為 “ 不得不 ” 。 (2)在 ② 、 ③ 中 have to 的否定和疑問形式為都需要借助于助動詞 do/does/did，而且有數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。 (3)④ 、 ⑤ 句 can 表示 推測 ； ⑥ 中 can 表示一般性的 能力 。 (4)ought to 在句 ⑦ 中表示說話者認(rèn)為 “ 應(yīng)該做 ” ；在句 ⑧ 表示說話者根據(jù)一定的依據(jù)進(jìn)行推測，常譯為 “ 按道理說應(yīng)該 ” 。 一、 have to/not have to, must 1． have to 的意思接近 must，但 must 更強(qiáng)調(diào)說話者的主觀意愿， have to 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀上的必要性，常譯為 “ 不得不 ” 。英式英語中常用 have got to 代替 have to。 The little boy has (got) to do lots of housework, for his parents have been suffering from illness. 那個小男孩不得不做很多家務(wù)活，因?yàn)樗改敢恢痹谏　? 2． must (1)情態(tài)動詞 must 表示出于職責(zé)、義務(wù)該做某事，也表示出于主觀意識而必 須要做某事。其否定式 must not 表示 “ 不許、不準(zhǔn)、禁止 ” 。 You must hurry up or you39。ll be late. 你必須快點(diǎn)兒，不然