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【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 aden Gains from traden Growth polesn Ine elasticity of demandn Ine terms of traden Increasing returnsn Industrial policyn Merchandise trade balancen Monopolistic market control38Concepts for Review, cont’dn Northsouth trade modelsn Oligopolistic market controln PrebischSinger thesisn Price elasticity of demandn Primary productsn Product cyclen Product differentiationn Quotasn Regional trading blocksn Returns to scalen Riskn Specialization39Concepts for Review, cont’dn Subsidiesn Synthetic substitutesn Tariffsn Trade deficitsn Uncertaintyn Ventforsurplus theory of international trade40The Trade Policy Debate: Export Promotion, Import Substitution, and Economic Integration Todaro Chapter 1341Trade Strategies for Development: Export Promotion versus Import Substitutionn Export promotion: looking outward and seeing trade barriers– primarymodity export expansion4243Trade Strategies for Development: Export Promotion versus Import Substitutionn Export promotion: looking outward and seeing trade barriers– primarymodity export expansion– expanding manufactured good exportsn Import substitution: looking inward but still paying outward– tariffs, infant industries, and protection4445Trade Strategies for Development: Export Promotion versus Import Substitutionn The IS industrialization strategy and results4647Nominal Rate of ProtectionThe nominal tariff rate, t, isWherep’ is the tariffinclusive pricep is the free trade price48Effective Rate of ProtectionThe effective tariff rate, g, isWherev’ is the value added per unit of output,inclusive of the tariffv is the value added per unit of outputunder free trade 4950Trade Strategies for Development: Export Promotion versus Import Substitutionn The IS industrialization strategy and resultsn Foreignexchange rates, exchange controls, and the devaluation decision5152Summary and Conclusions: Trade Optimists and Trade Pessimistsn Trade pessimist argumentsn Trade optimist arguments53Reconciling the Arguments: The Data and Consensusn Neither the trade optimists nor the trade pessimists are always rightn
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