微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第08章_完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)分析(編輯修改稿)
2025-02-24 23:36 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ectly petitive market. ? We can think of efficiency in at least two dimensions of market performance (績(jī)效 ): –allocative efficiency (配置效率 ) and productive efficiency (生產(chǎn)效率 ). 43 44 生產(chǎn)的有效性 ? Productive efficiency occurs when price equals minimum average total cost. –This holds when a petitive industry is in long run equilibrium. 45 配置的有效性 ? Allocative efficiency is a slightly more difficult concept. ? You may encounter several different definitions of allocative efficiency. ? One of the most cumbersome is Pareto Optimality (帕累托最優(yōu)性 ). 帕累托最優(yōu)性 ? 如果沒有可能讓一些人好起來卻不使另一些人壞下去，那么這時(shí)的資源配置就達(dá)到了帕累托最優(yōu)（ Pareto Optimal ）。 46 Vilfredo Pareto 18481923 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 ? An economy is clearly inefficient if it operates inside the PPF and no one need suffer a decline in utility by moving to the PPF. ? Therefore, at a minimum, an efficient economy is on its PPF. 47 Butter U 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 ? Noheless, allocative efficiency goes one step further and requires not only that the right mix of goods be produced but also that these goods be allocated among consumers to maximize consumer satisfaction. 48 Butter ? ? ? ? ? 49 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性均衡的效率 效率 生產(chǎn)的效率 配置的效率 資源配置效率 產(chǎn)品配置效率 50 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)均衡時(shí)的效率 ? 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的長(zhǎng)期均衡可以同時(shí)滿足：生產(chǎn)的效率和配置的效率（包括配置資源和配置產(chǎn)品）。 ? 證明思路：生產(chǎn)的社會(huì)邊際利益是多少？生產(chǎn)的社會(huì)邊際成本是多少？比較社會(huì)的邊際利益與邊際成本，如果相等，則社會(huì)利益最大化，也就是達(dá)到最優(yōu)，或最有效率。 凈經(jīng)濟(jì)所得 51 P* A B E O Q* P P 生產(chǎn)付出的總成本 (負(fù)效用 )為 AEQ*O面積，得到的總效用為 BEQ*O面積，凈經(jīng)濟(jì)收益為 BEA面積。 F F MU = DD 若規(guī)模擴(kuò)大到 F_F，經(jīng)濟(jì)收益減少。 MC = SS 52 眾多消費(fèi)者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Person A Person B Industry P* 53 需求曲線反映社會(huì)的利益 ? 需求曲線反映了消費(fèi)者的邊際效用。 ? 在完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)中，所有消費(fèi)者都按均衡價(jià)格支付，因此，均衡價(jià)格等于所有消費(fèi)者的邊際效用，即反映了社會(huì)的利益。 54 眾多生產(chǎn)者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Firm A Firm B Industry P* 55 供給曲線反映了社會(huì)的成本 ? 供給曲線反映了生產(chǎn)者的邊際成本。 ? 在完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)中，所有生產(chǎn)者都按均衡價(jià)格得到補(bǔ)償，因此，均衡價(jià)格等于所有生產(chǎn)者的邊際成本，即反映了社會(huì)的成本。 56 社會(huì)利益等與社會(huì)成本 ? The supply curve reflects the costs of production and therefore must reflect the social costs of producing the product. ? In a perfectly petitive market, equilibrium occurs where supply intersects (相交 ) demand so that social benefits equal social costs. Marginal Cost = Marginal Benefit ? At this equilibrium point, the marginal cost of production exactly equals the marginal benefit or utility of consumption. – We know this to be true because from consumer theory, we know that consumers choose purchases up to the point where price equals marginal utility. – Therefore, MU or P must equal MC. 57 眾多市場(chǎng)的均衡 ? Utilitymaximizing consumers spread their dollars among different goods until the marginal utility of the last dollar is equalized for each good consumed. ? Then the MUs, which are equal to the Ps, will be equal to the MCs. 58
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