某機(jī)械工程學(xué)院工業(yè)工程試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)(編輯修改稿)
2025-02-24 21:55 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 式實(shí)驗(yàn)的性質(zhì)是類似的，或者說(shuō)是相關(guān)的，然后按測(cè)驗(yàn)成績(jī)均勻地形成組。 匹配組設(shè)計(jì)（ 2）（ matched groups design）? 三種理想的匹配方式：– 相同任務(wù)：如血壓；根據(jù)血壓進(jìn)行分組；– 類似任務(wù)：如問(wèn)題解決 → 不同種類問(wèn)題解決；– 相關(guān)任務(wù)：如智力測(cè)驗(yàn) → 問(wèn)題解決。需要特征（ demand characteristics）? Demand characteristics: the cues and other information used by participants to guide their behavior in a psychological study, often leading participants to do what they believe the observer (experimenter) expects them to do.安慰劑控制（ placebo effect）? Placebo effect: the improvement often shown in drug effectiveness studies when patients believe they have received a drug, although they have actually received an inert substance.? The term es from a Latin word meaning “to please,” and discovered by physicians.實(shí)驗(yàn)者效應(yīng)（ experimenter effects）? Experimenter effects: the experimenters’ expectations that may lead them to treat subjects differently in different groups or to record data in a biased manner.雙盲實(shí)驗(yàn)（ doubleblind experiments）? Doubleblind experiments: an experimental technique in which neither the subject nor the experimenter knows which subjects are in which treatment conditions.二、組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)（ Within group, Withinsubjects design, Repeatedmeasures design）? A design in which the independent variable is implemented by administering all the levels of the independent variable to each subject.選擇組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的原因（優(yōu)點(diǎn)）? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)需要的被試較少。 ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)方便、有效。 ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)比組間設(shè)計(jì)更敏感。 ? 心理學(xué)的某些領(lǐng)域需要使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)，即組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)用于研究練習(xí)的階段性最為理想。 ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)消除了被試的個(gè)別差異對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)的影響。? 相同的自變量在組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)和組間設(shè)計(jì)中造成的因變量的效果是不同的。 組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的缺點(diǎn)? 缺點(diǎn)：– 一種實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下的操作將會(huì)影響另一種實(shí)驗(yàn)條件下的操作，也就是實(shí)驗(yàn)順序造成了麻煩。– 此方法不能用來(lái)研究某些被試特點(diǎn)自變量之間的差異。 – 如果實(shí)驗(yàn)中每一種實(shí)驗(yàn)條件需要較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的恢復(fù)期，則不宜使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)。 – 當(dāng)自變量的不同水平代表一種連續(xù)事件的延續(xù)結(jié)果時(shí)，不宜使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)。 克服方法? 克服方法：– 完全的組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)（ plete withinsubjects design）? 隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì)（ block randomization）? ABBA平衡法（ ABBA counterbalancing）– 不完全的組內(nèi)設(shè)（ inplete withinsubjects design）? 所有可能的順序（ all possible orders）? 選擇的順序（ selected orders）– 拉丁方設(shè)計(jì)（ Latin Square）– 隨機(jī)開(kāi)始的循環(huán)排列 （ Random starting order with rotation）完全組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)（ 1）（ plete withinsubjects design）? A type of withinsubjects design in which practice effects are balanced by administering the conditions several times to each subjects such that results for each subject are interpretable.完全組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)（ 2）（ plete withinsubjects design）? 隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì) （Block Randomization）： the most mon technique for carrying out random assignment in the random groups design。 each block includes a random order of the conditions and there are as many blocks as there are subjects in each condition of the experiment.? ABBA平衡法 （ABBA Counterbalancing） : a technique for balancing stageofpractice effects in the plete withinsubjects design that involves presenting the conditions in one sequence followed by the opposite of the same sequence.隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì)（ Block Randomization）舉例 (1)? Sackheim， Gur和 Saucy（ 1978）使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)研究人的兩側(cè)面孔在情緒表達(dá)強(qiáng)度上的差異。早期的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，被試能夠準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分呈現(xiàn)給他們的人類的 6種基本情緒（快樂(lè)、驚奇、恐懼、悲傷、憤怒、和厭惡）的照片。 Sackheim和他的合作者利用一個(gè)人的一側(cè)面孔和其鏡像重新構(gòu)成一張完整的面
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