某機械工程學(xué)院工業(yè)工程試驗設(shè)計(編輯修改稿)
2025-02-24 21:55 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 式實驗的性質(zhì)是類似的，或者說是相關(guān)的，然后按測驗成績均勻地形成組。 匹配組設(shè)計（ 2）（ matched groups design）? 三種理想的匹配方式：– 相同任務(wù)：如血壓；根據(jù)血壓進行分組；– 類似任務(wù)：如問題解決 → 不同種類問題解決；– 相關(guān)任務(wù)：如智力測驗 → 問題解決。需要特征（ demand characteristics）? Demand characteristics: the cues and other information used by participants to guide their behavior in a psychological study, often leading participants to do what they believe the observer (experimenter) expects them to do.安慰劑控制（ placebo effect）? Placebo effect: the improvement often shown in drug effectiveness studies when patients believe they have received a drug, although they have actually received an inert substance.? The term es from a Latin word meaning “to please,” and discovered by physicians.實驗者效應(yīng)（ experimenter effects）? Experimenter effects: the experimenters’ expectations that may lead them to treat subjects differently in different groups or to record data in a biased manner.雙盲實驗（ doubleblind experiments）? Doubleblind experiments: an experimental technique in which neither the subject nor the experimenter knows which subjects are in which treatment conditions.二、組內(nèi)設(shè)計（ Within group, Withinsubjects design, Repeatedmeasures design）? A design in which the independent variable is implemented by administering all the levels of the independent variable to each subject.選擇組內(nèi)設(shè)計的原因（優(yōu)點）? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計需要的被試較少。 ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計方便、有效。 ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計比組間設(shè)計更敏感。 ? 心理學(xué)的某些領(lǐng)域需要使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計，即組內(nèi)設(shè)計用于研究練習(xí)的階段性最為理想。 ? 組內(nèi)設(shè)計消除了被試的個別差異對實驗的影響。? 相同的自變量在組內(nèi)設(shè)計和組間設(shè)計中造成的因變量的效果是不同的。 組內(nèi)設(shè)計的缺點? 缺點：– 一種實驗條件下的操作將會影響另一種實驗條件下的操作，也就是實驗順序造成了麻煩。– 此方法不能用來研究某些被試特點自變量之間的差異。 – 如果實驗中每一種實驗條件需要較長時間的恢復(fù)期，則不宜使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計。 – 當(dāng)自變量的不同水平代表一種連續(xù)事件的延續(xù)結(jié)果時，不宜使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計。 克服方法? 克服方法：– 完全的組內(nèi)設(shè)計（ plete withinsubjects design）? 隨機區(qū)組設(shè)計（ block randomization）? ABBA平衡法（ ABBA counterbalancing）– 不完全的組內(nèi)設(shè)（ inplete withinsubjects design）? 所有可能的順序（ all possible orders）? 選擇的順序（ selected orders）– 拉丁方設(shè)計（ Latin Square）– 隨機開始的循環(huán)排列 （ Random starting order with rotation）完全組內(nèi)設(shè)計（ 1）（ plete withinsubjects design）? A type of withinsubjects design in which practice effects are balanced by administering the conditions several times to each subjects such that results for each subject are interpretable.完全組內(nèi)設(shè)計（ 2）（ plete withinsubjects design）? 隨機區(qū)組設(shè)計 （Block Randomization）： the most mon technique for carrying out random assignment in the random groups design。 each block includes a random order of the conditions and there are as many blocks as there are subjects in each condition of the experiment.? ABBA平衡法 （ABBA Counterbalancing） : a technique for balancing stageofpractice effects in the plete withinsubjects design that involves presenting the conditions in one sequence followed by the opposite of the same sequence.隨機區(qū)組設(shè)計（ Block Randomization）舉例 (1)? Sackheim， Gur和 Saucy（ 1978）使用組內(nèi)設(shè)計研究人的兩側(cè)面孔在情緒表達強度上的差異。早期的研究者發(fā)現(xiàn)，被試能夠準(zhǔn)確地區(qū)分呈現(xiàn)給他們的人類的 6種基本情緒（快樂、驚奇、恐懼、悲傷、憤怒、和厭惡）的照片。 Sackheim和他的合作者利用一個人的一側(cè)面孔和其鏡像重新構(gòu)成一張完整的面
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